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Period: 2000 BCE to
BEGINNINGS TO EXPLORATION
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1800 BCE
Mayans
The Mayan's had a distinct social structure,called the caste system,in which they followed strictly,and made it difficult for someone to move upwards,since status was hereditary.Marriage was only possible between two people of the same caste.While the men could only take jobs based on their fathers occupations,women could be in government,religion,or economics.Upper class consisted of rulers,nobles,and priests.Middle caste was businessmen,merchants,soldiers & lower cast was farmers and slaves. -
Jan 1, 1095
The Crusades
It was a military failure for Christianity,since they didn't succeed in capturing Jerusalem.The crusades helped bring Europe out of the Dark Ages,by introducing them to other,more advanced civilizations.Trade routes led to them discovering technologies such as, paper,medicines,textiles,and spices(helped preserve meat and improved taste of rotten foods).Crusades helped advance crossbows,military techniques,made maps more accurate,& magnetic compasses.This new technology also made traveling easier -
Oct 1, 1347
The Black Death
The Black death arrived in October of 1347 to Europe, by trading ships who docked at the Sicilian port of Messina, after traveling from the Black Sea. Most of the sailors aboard the ships were dead upon arrival, as they had contracted the disease from infected rats aboard the ship .The other sailors were severely ill. Although, Sicilian authorities ordered the ships out of the harbors, it was too late. 1347 - 1350, the black death spread across Europe killing about 30% - 60% of its population. -
Jan 1, 1440
Printing Press
Developed during the Renaissance,by Johannes Gutenberg.This invention had a huge effect on the European civilization,it helped spread information quickly and accurately.It also played a key role in the success of the Protestant Reformation,lead by Martin Luther,by having his message printed,it helped in spreading it to thousands of people across Europe,which popularized his ideas.The printed message of the Protestants,made it difficult for the Catholic Church to successfully spread their ideas. -
Oct 12, 1492
Christopher Columbus
The explorer Christopher Columbus, made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502. He was given money by the Monarchs of Spain and was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas, when he thought he had landed in Asia, due to when he landed he saw people he thought looked like "Indians". This journey will mark the beginning of transatlantic conquest and colonization. -
Nov 1, 1492
Columbian Exchange
It was the exchange of goods,diseases,and technology between Old World(Americas)and New World(Europe,Asia,and Africa).Goods such as squash,potatoes,and tobacco were brought to New World from the Americas.Meanwhile,diseases(smallpox,measles),livestock,and non-native plants were brought to Americas,these diseases,depopulated many cultures,like the Native Americans,and killed about 90% of population.Deforestation and soil depletion in Americas,occurred due to European settlement and agriculture. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement between Spain and Portugal that aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered/already discovered by Columbus.This treaty was created by Pope Alexander VI,Spain and Portugal met at Tordesillas to sign it.Spain was given lands west of line,while Portugal got lands right of line(Brazil).Spain got better part of deal,where they will find silver and gold.This treaty caused religious wars,such as 30 years war.Also, it led to conflict between Catholic and Protestant reformers. -
Period: to
ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
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Tobacco
As Europeans started to use more tobacco products,it made Jamestown more profitable.The region's fertile soil,plentiful supplies of freshwater,and being near the bay,made it an ideal location for agricultural production and trading.Since tobacco was its cash crop,vast plantations were being built along rivers of Virginia.Due to the increasing amount of tobacco export every year,labor became difficult.As a result,indentured servants were contracted and were provided with food and clothing. -
Middle Passage
The Middle Passages was part of a triangular trade route between Africa,the New World,and Europe.It began in Europe,where slaves were densely packed onto ships and were transported across the Atlantic to the Americas.More than 10% of all the slaves died during the voyage due to diseases as flux,smallpox,and scurvy.The demand for slaves began to exponentially increase.Slaves replaced indentured servants.Some slaves sabotaged their masters by faking illness or by pretending their tools didn't work -
Upper South
In the Upper South which consisted of Virginia and the Chesapeake, slaves replaced indentured servants, and were typically treated better compared to other colonies. In the Chesapeake colonies, the number of blacks arriving in this area was extremely small until the result of the production of tobacco increased,the number grew tremendously.However by 1790, the soil became depleted from over planting and the strong demand for slaves was no longer an issue, and as a result some blacks were freed. -
Mayflower Compact
It was a set of rules for self government established by the English settlers who traveled to the New World on the Mayflower.They initially tried to land in Virginia,but due to treacherous storms,it drove the ship of course,and instead settlers landed in Massachusetts,near Cape Cod.The settlers knew that if they were going to settle here,a set of laws had to be made or else it would be catastrophic.So, colonist leaders created the compact to ensure a functioning social structure would prevail. -
Caribbean Colonies
Since sugar was the main crop produced on plantations throughout the Caribbean,it meant it was also the most valuable.These plantations produced 80%-90% of sugar consumed in Western Europe.Since,sugar production required a greater labor supply,slaves were needed.Sugar was traded in return for "goods" such as,slaves.Others,were forcibly brought to British owned colonies in the Caribbean and sold as slaves to work on plantations. Sugar production continued to thrive due to efficient use of mills. -
Lower South
Geography was an important role on how the economies of the Colonies were. The New England Colonies were surrounded by water and had cold weather therefore, it allowed for markets based on fishing and ship building. Next the Middle Colonies had a mixed economy due to the large agriculture they had. In their farms they grew grain and oats, they also had textile production. The Upper and Lower South's economy was based on their large plantations of tobacco and the labor done by slaves. -
Carolinas
Charles II, gave the land south of Virginia to 8 proprietors,whom later founded the Carolina colony.They named it Carolina,after King Charles.This colony was founded for 2 things only:To be used as storage and to make money.Settlers then started to move here from the Caribbean,Virginia,and other colonies.Landowners also brought enslaved Africans to work on their farms,Carolina became less difficult for slaves.It was later in 1712,that the proprietors divided it into two colonies:North and South. -
Pennsylvania
William Penn came to America in 1682, escaping from the persecutions in England for being of the Quaker faith. Since, King Charles II owed Penn's father a large debt, he granted him the land west of New Jersey. Penn then establishes the land, and names it in honor of his father, Pennsylvania was created as a religious refuge for Quakers and a place where people could enjoy freedom of religion. 200 settlers came to Pennsylvania, and Penn was determined to spread the Quaker region. -
English Bill of Rights
The 1689 English Bill of Rights was a British Law,passed by the parliament of Great Britain that declared the rights and liberties of the people and setting the succession in William and Mary,after denouncing King James II.It put in place a constitutional form of government where rights,liberties of the individual were protected under English law.The B.O.R,had a massive influence on the colonies in North America,and the Constitution of the United States, and will also lead to future problems. -
Salem Witch Trials
Began in spring of 1692,after group of girls in Salem village,Massachusetts,claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft.Wave of hysteria spread throughout the colony,and special court was called to hear the cases.The girls continued to blame more people until 1692,public turned against them after they accused gov.officials.General Court then annulled guilty verdicts against the "witches", but bitterness and painful legacy would continue for many years. -
Three Branches
3 branches of the U.S. government are legislative,executive and judicial branches.U.S. Constitution distributed the power of the federal government among these 3 branches, & built system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch could become too powerful.Legislative branch has the primary power to make country’s laws.Executive branch has power to enforce or carry out laws of the nation.Judicial power, apply and interpret the laws. James Madison wrote necessity of separation of powers. -
Triangular Trade
It was a system of transatlantic trade between Europe,Africa,and Americas.It carried slaves,cash crops,and manufactured goods.The first trade involved taking manufactured goods from Europe to Africa (cloth,spirit,tobacco,guns,metal goods,etc),these goods were then exchanged for African Slaves and were transported to the Americas to be sold by the Middle Passages.The third trade involved the return to Europe with the produce from the slave-labor plantations(cotton,sugar,tobacco,molasses,and rum) -
John Locke
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason,individualism,and skepticism.The Enlightenment presented a challenge to traditional religious views.This movement spread through England,France,Germany,& other parts of Europe.Locke laid much of the groundwork for the
Enlightenment.Essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation church and state,and his ideas had a big influence in development of Epistemology,Political Philosophy,also seen as influential enlightenment thinker. -
Period: to
COLONIAL AMERICA TO 1763
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Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne was constructed by the French in 1754 at the heart of the Ohio River Valley,and was important during the war due to it's location between three rivers.The location gave French opportunity to trade with Native American groups in Ohio Country and deter growth of British trade and settlement in North America.After several generations of imperial rivalry,construction of Duquesne triggered the French and Indian War between British and French in 1754.Fort later captured by British(1758). -
Period: to
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
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Treaty of Paris 1763
The treaty of Paris of 1763, ended the French and Indian war between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. It stated that the French would give up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. Britain will now control New France (Canada), while the French only maintain Haiti and small islands off Canada. Spain traded Spanish Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba, which Britain won in war. -
Stamp Act
Passed by British Parliament,which stated that this new tax would be imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay tax on every single piece of printed paper they used(legal document,licenses,newspapers).This tax would help the British pay for the French and Indian War.However, tax was not tolerated by the colonists,they petitioned and protested"No taxation without representation".After months of protest,Parliament voted to repeal Stamp Act,and the same day passed Declaratory Act. -
Townshend Act
It was created by Charles Townshend in 1767,in which it imposed new taxes on paper,glass,paint and tea imported into the colonies.It was imposed to raise revenue in colonies to pay salaries of governors,judges so they remain loyal to Great Britain.Colonists saw this act as attack on their legislative authority,in response they objected these taxes,and the way they were to be spent. As a result of widespread protests in the American colonies,Parliament began to partially repeal Townshend duties. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Teas Party was a direct protest by colonists in Boston against the Tea Tax that had been imposed by the British government in 1773. As a result of this tax, drunk Boston patriots dressed up as Mohawk Indians, and they raided three British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 containers of tea into the harbor(night of December 16,1773), this act became known as the "Boston Tea Party". The rest of Boston was boycotting the tea and weren't letting ships bring the tea to the shore. -
Battle of Lexington
Was known as the"Shot heard round the World",because of the first shots fired just after dawn in Lexington,Massachusetts.In April of 1775,British troops are sent to confiscate colonial weapons,when they immediately run into an untrained & angry militia,& they end up defeating 700 British soldiers & the surprise victory bolsters their confidence for the war ahead.The major victories in Lexington & in Concord showed British & King George III,that unjust behavior would not be tolerated in America. -
The Declaration of Independence
On June 11 Congress appointed a "Committee of Five",Adams,Franklin,Jefferson,Livingston,and Sherman to draft the Declaration of Independence.That Committee then subsequently assigned Jefferson the task of producing a draft document for its consideration.Jefferson used documents such as the,Virginia
Declaration of Rights,state and local calls for independence,and his own draft of a Virginian Constitution.He wrote a statement about colonist right to rebel and that all men have inalienable rights. -
Period: to
THE CONSTITUTION
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The Battle of Saratoga
On October of 1777, American forces under Horatio Gates forced John Burgoyne to surrender his entire command of 5,895 British and Hessian troops.This surrender, was the turning point of the American Revolution.T his battle renewed the morale of the American public, and convinced potential foreign partners that Americans could win the war, and it might be in their best interest to send aid. As a result, French decided to support the colonies with money, troops, ships, etc. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the U.S. Revolutionary War and granted the thirteen colonies political independence. It will recognize the United States as an independent and sovereign nation. It will establish the northern border with British North America /Canada. It will restore loyalist properties. Both America and Great Britain will have access to Mississippi River. Finally, it will grant fishing rights to U.S and the U.S will receive frontier land to Mississippi River. -
Pinckney's Treaty
Agreement between Spain and U.S, fixing southern boundary of the U.S at 31° N latitude & establishing commercial arrangements favorable to the U.S. U.S. citizens were accorded free navigation of Mississippi River through Spanish territory.Treaty granted Americans privilege of tax-free deposit at New Orleans.Each side agreed to restrain Indians within its borders from attacks on the other. Treaty was negotiated by Thomas Pinckney(U.S.)and Manuel de Godoy(Spain) -
Shay's Rebellion
A series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvest, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms. The rebellion took its name from its symbolic leader, Daniel Shay of Massachusetts. -
Shakers
Shakers were known to be pacifist and therefore didn't believe in killing or harming others. Faith was their foundation. They were communistic and saw equality among the sexes. Shakers rejected having blood family and rather having family within the Shaker community (brothers and sisters). They abstained themselves from any type of sexual relations.(celibate). In the end, the shakers did not last long, because they didn't believe in the idea of reproducing or recreating. -
Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan was a proposal by Virginia delegates. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a group to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan proposed a structure of government to the Constitutional Convention that was held between May 25,1787 & September 17,1787 at Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia.This was also presented in the form of 15 resolutions that detailed reasons why A.O.C should be altered & plans for strong new national gov. -
New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey Plan was known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan, it consisted of 11 resolutions that were offered as an alternative option to the Virginia Plan. It was represented in the form of 11 resolutions drafted by William Paterson. The New Jersey Plan detailed a legislature of only one house and featured equal representation in which each states had the same number of representatives.The goal was for smaller states to have same level of power in legislature as the large states. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was an act passed by Congress in 1787 that provided rules for governing the Northwest Territory, land north of the Ohio River and west of the Alleghenies. It laid out rules for how parts of the territory could eventually become states, and it paved the way for new states to be added to the Union with the same rights and status as already-existing states. The Northwest Ordinance was vital for establishing how the country would expand westward. -
Connecticut Plan
Agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states Each state would have two representatives in the upper house. -
Anti-Federalist Papers
Works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. These anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution. Although less influential than their written counterparts, The Federalist Papers, these works nonetheless played an important role in shaping the early American political landscape and in the passage of the US Bill of Rights. -
Period: to
THE NEW REPUBLIC
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Whiskey Rebellion
Was a 1794 uprising of farmers & distillers in Western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had President Washington respond by sending troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution. Opposition to the whiskey tax and the rebellion itself built support for Republicans, which overtook Washington’s Federalist Party for power in 1802. -
Changes in Agriculture
New farming techniques started to rise. The cotton gin was invented in March 4, 1794, and it was a tool that reduced the labor of removing seeds. Another tool was the Iron plow, which was invented by Jethro Wood in June 27, 1797, and it helped accelerate the development of American agriculture. It helped farmers plow larger areas of land. Also, cotton growing increased their demand for both land and slave labor. -
Jay's Treaty
On November 19, 1794 representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed Jay’s Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. This treaty angered Republicans, but Britain agrees. John Jay also wrote "The Federalists". -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Passed by Congress in preparation for an anticipated war w/ France.Naturalization Act increased residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to14 years,required aliens acquire citizenship 5 years before it could be granted,& rendered people from enemy nations ineligible for naturalization.The subsequent Sedition Act banned publishing of scandalous writings against government.Acts were designed by Federalists to limit power of Republican Party,but ended after Jefferson elected president -
Kentucky Resolutions
It was foundation of states rights.The Kentucky Resolutions were authored in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively. The Kentucky Resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution.The Kentucky Resolutions were the first attempts by the advocates of states rights to impose the rule of nullification to cancel actions taken by the central government. -
Southern Society
The southern white society was divided into three main social categories: Planters, Yeoman Farmers and Tenant Farmers. Planters were the "high" class, they owned plantations and were wealthy. They didn't own slaves and if they owned, they would have 1-9. They were the ruling class, and people looked up to them. 75% of Yeoman farmers did not own slaves. Generally Yeoman farmers didn't get along with planters. Lastly, the lower class was Tenant farmers. They encouraged white supremacy. -
Period: to
THE AGE OF JEFFERSON
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Judiciary act of 1801
Passed in the last days of the John Adams administration, that reorganized the federal judiciary and established the first circuit judgeships in the country. The act and the ensuing last-minute appointment of new judges midnight judges) were decried by the incoming president, Thomas Jefferson, and his Republican allies as an attempt by the outgoing president and his Federalist allies to retain their party’s control of the judiciary by packing it with their supporters. -
Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased a territory from France which ended up doubling the size of the United States. Napoleon Bonaparte sold Louisiana to the U.S. for around 15 million dollars, because the French needed money for the war they were going to fight against England. The Louisiana purchase created chaos due to some believing it was breaking the constitution. The economy of the United States was also affected since they could use the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans freely. -
Changes in transportation
Before the industrial revolution there was a time lag in almost everything, and now transportation became a major factor. The changes in transportation, made a huge change everywhere. Steamboats, modern roads, canals and railroads were produced to facilitate and promote trade. The ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over a long distance, is what the growth of transportation depended on. Before this, the transportation to get goods from one place to another would take weeks. -
12th Amendment
After the 1800 Presidential Election, the 12th Amendment was adopted to fix a flaw in the Constitution that had allowed Thomas Jefferson to tie in the Electoral College with his vice presidential candidate Aaron Burr. It required the people, when voting to cast two votes for President, each elector must pick a President and a Vice President on his or her ballot. It would provide the process of electing the President and Vice President of the United States. -
War of 1812
The Americans used weapons such as the musket during the war.
American soldiers were people who volunteered to go to war, they had a little bit of experience in the battle field, but they used their personal weapons. Their strategy was to make this war a little longer for the final hit, and get the British tired, instead of actually winning it. They would attack in small units in the weak areas of Canada 3 times. The naval offensive was a tactic for the Americans. -
Labor Changes
Industry in the North changed from an agricultural one to industrial one. They also had change in labor led to positive and negative effects. The negative effects consisted of artisans, and the products they made were now valued less so, they moved to the cities. A positive aspect of this was that there were now factory systems which provided more job opportunities and the mass productions of products made the products cheaper, so now American could afford more things. -
Period: to
THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Battle of New Orleans
Martial law was declared by Andrew Jackson in 1815, it was a law that drafted civilians in order to protect the city. Militia groups, slaves, free blacks, and allied Indians is what Jackson's militia consisted of. The battle continued even after the peace treaty between Britain and United States had been signed, but because of slow communications, the militia wasn't informed. This battle made Andre Jackson viewed as hero to the nation. -
Technological benefits of War of 1812
Firearms, steam engines, agriculture, cotton gin, and mass production were some of the innovations caused by the war embargo. The cotton gin, developed by Eli Whitney, easily removed seeds from cotton. The cotton gin production was now exploding the cotton production. Also, instead of slavery decreasing, it was now making a comeback due to the cotton gin making it easier for slaves to pick cotton. This also helped with agricultural mass production. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
It was a debate between the federal authority and state powers. For one, the state of Maryland couldn't tax the bank since it was unconstitutional, because that power belonged to the federal authority. This landmark supreme court case helped emphasize the strength of the federal authority. Led to the states not being able to take actions the federal gov. had power over and federal gov. has to use their own power without using the states power. -
Panic of 1819
This panic was worse than the Great Depression, it was horrifying. After the war of 1812, there was an economic boom, but due to the bank system failing it lead to the the panic of 1819. Many people were forced out of their homes and farms. Many regions were impacted, due to the falling prices which affected agriculture and unemployment. This panic was caused by state loans given to those who were unable to repay, this also made the banks fail and in addition it lead to tailspin of the economy. -
Missouri Crisis
Around 1820 tensions between states of pro-slavery and anti-slavery raised. Missouri applying for admission as a slave state, caused a debate between the northern states who were against its admission and the southern stats who were for the admission, because it would threaten to lose balance between slave and free states. This led to the Missouri Compromise which set up balance between slave and free states.It drew an imaginary line at 36 30 latitude.States above were free and below were slave. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was for the people especially males to abstain form alcohol. Alcohol consumption was really high during this time period, people drank all day. Bad morals were shown if people drank too much, there was also abuse from husbands to their wives and it would be the cause of crimes. Some states went as far as to ban alcohol as a whole completely. Women supported this movement dramatically because they were the most affected by the alcohol. -
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SECTIONALISM
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Period: to
CULTURAL CHANGES
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Education
During the Second Great Awakening, modern education was formed. Textbooks and instructions began along with compulsorily attendance. This meant that the attendance was required. The negative aspects of this era was that it affected labor issues, children weren't any longer helping their parents in farms. Due to the kids having to go to school, they could no longer get income. Catholic feared protestant education. And lastly, there was new colleges affiliated with religion. -
Mormons
Mormons are known as people that attend the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This religion was founded by Joseph Smith. When he found golden tablets in 1823, he took this as a message from God and he said that he was the only one who could read that ancient language. He then translated those tablets in English which he later published the book "Book of Mormon". His followers regarded him as a prophet. He was later killed by an anti-Mormon mob. -
Period: to
AGE OF JACKSON
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Election of 1824
There was four main candidates going for presidency: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. December of 1824, Andrew Jackson won 99 electoral and 153,544 popular votes while John Quincy Adams received 84 electoral votes and 108,740 popular votes. Adams was chosen in the end and made a deal with Clay and chose him as his Secretary of State. This made Jackson angry and his supporters called what Adams did a "corrupt bargain". -
Presidency of John Q. Adams
Adams Presidency lasted from 1815-1829. He supported the role of the federal government involving themselves in projects and institution to improve society in general. He provided international improvements such as roads,canals, harbors, bridge, and other public works, including a National University. He also created the American system, to try and improve industry. High tariffs encouraged production and created a national currency. This was beneficial for parts of the nations. -
Election of 1828
Candidates were Andrew Jackson & John Quincy Adams. Both candidates personally attacked each other and Adams began attacking Jackson's wife,Rachael.Jackson ends up winning the presidency and is given the nickname"Old Hickory". He was also the first elected by the common man.What led to Jackson winning was his humble origin,he promotes his past military career, and the democratic values he supports.Jackson now had the full support of house of representatives,something he hadn't received before. -
Campaign
During the campaign of 1828, it was mostly based on personal attacks. They each attacked each other and it was first seen on that presidential election. Adams began attacking Rachael, Jackson's wife, and accused her of bigamist and said that Jackson was unfit to hold the nations presidency. They also accused Jackson of being a military tyrant. Jackson overall wins the election overwhelmingly. Before, Jackson could be inaugurated, his wife Rachael sadly dies. -
Revivalism
Revivalism was the belief in the free will of choosing religion. This movement occurred after secularism happened. Many mass religious meeting featured emotional preaching. During this period spiritual renewal in the church was specified. Also, the market revolution was bad. Charles Finney was the father of modern revivalism and believed conversions were human creations instead of the divine work of God, and that peoples destinies were in their own hands. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner was fortunate to be a slave who knew how to read and write. His interpretation of the bible was that violence was the only option to stop slavery. August of 1831, an eclipse took place and he saw this as a signal from God himself, telling him to start his rebellion right away. Him and his followers began by killing 55 white people, because they were tired of being dehumanized and treated as property. This led to limiting the privilege of the freed slaves and passing Slave codes. -
Tariff Act of 1832
It was enacted on July of 1832 and was referred to as a protection tariff in the united states.The purpose of this tariff was to act as a remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828. It was created in such a way that it intended to protect industry in the North. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by the Southern states, because it seemed unfair for the gov. to favor the North. South Carolina opposition to this tariff caused the Nullification Crisis. -
Election of 1832
The candidates of this election was Jackson for the democratic party and Henry Clay for the national republicans and William for the Anti-Masonic Party. Their focus was the bank of the United States. Jackson overwhelmingly won against Clay. His bank veto speech benefited him. He explained his vote, laid out vision of American Democracy and appealed to the common men and also emphasized the courts were not authority of the constitution. This will lead to Jackson victory on the election of 1832. -
Sam Houston
President Jackson, sent Sam Houston to Texas to negotiate with the local Indians.In 1835, he was also the appointed commander of the Texas army, and led them to the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Ana made 2 mistakes:he divided his forces and he had his army take a nap. Due to this,Sam Houston had the upper hand and surprised him and the battle begun.Houston won the battle in less than 20 minutes.They captured Santa Ana and the Treaty of Velasco was signed,which allowed Texas to be an indep.nation. -
Trail of Tears
In 1836, the federal government and as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, they decided to remove the Cherokee and many other Indians from their land and relocate them to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians will die by being forced of their land east of the Mississippi River and were moved to the Indian Territory. The Cherokee people will call this journey they "Trail of Tears", because of its devastating effects. -
Great Migration
Since the United States wanted to expand and become a continental nation. The Jacksonian democracy hoped for a white future in the west and for native american extinction. Many Americans left their homes in the East, and headed to the west in hopes of finding economic opportunities. The Oregon Trail took 5 to 6 months to get to Oregon, and it was hard for settlers heading west, due to the harsh weather. The overall trail was 2000 miles long. It took The pioneers also followed along this trail. -
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WESTWARD EXPANSION
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Prisons
During the Second great awakening penitentiaries were used to put criminals in isolation.Isolation of prisoners in the dark happened so the prisoner could reflect on what they had done, so that they could correct himself.The Eastern State Penitentiary opened in 1829 & is located in Pennsylvania. In these prisons, here was overcrowding and many of the inmates were in really bad conditions.The mentally ill were confused with general population but several years later Asylums were created for them. -
Election of 1844
Henry Clay, a Whig, and Tyler James K. Polk, a democrat, were the to candidates of the election of 1844. The winner of this election was Polk, he served only one term and became known as "Young Hickory". Annexing Texas, settling Oregon border with Britain, and settling the Mexican border, were his 3 main goals. He believed he would be a failure is these 3 goals were not achieved. His goals all consisted of helping the U.S. expand (manifest destiny). -
The Change in Communication
Before the industrial revolution there was limited ways to communicate with each other and some in which it was difficult to get across distances.The market revolution on industry includes the communication, with the industrial revolution being away just a little news was quicker. The telegraph which was invented by Samuel Morse and printing is an example on how the communication methods changed. The telegraph was great when in battle, because it would send millions of messages from it. -
Mormon Migration
The Mormon religion was founded by John Smith. Eventually Smith got killed by an anti-Mormon mob and someone by the name of Brigham Young, took his place as the new president of the Mormons. Mormons later moved to Illinois, Missouri, and then Utah from New York to escape religious persecution in 1845. They were now located in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. They were now isolated and free from the federal government, discrimination, and they were finally happy and free to live how they wanted. -
First Police Forces
The first police forces were established in the 1830s and 1840s because tensions needed to be dealt with in the United States. The New York Police Forces was created in 1845.The Police forces replaced the Night Watch System that was established out of volunteers. During this time police officers were employees and not volunteers. Since urbanization started to increase, more disruption began to happen. -
Wilmot Proviso
Many saw issues of slavery forming in the new territories after the Mexican-American war. The land that was acquired from Mexico from the Guadalupe treaty, made Wilmot Proviso propose a law stating that slavery would be banned in that territory. This caused a huge argument between Southern senators, and Wilmot Provisos's proposition never came to happen. Democrats and Whigs later had to split into pro-slavery and free-soil factions. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
In 1846-1848, the Mexican-American war was fought over the Mexican border. February of 1812, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. This treaty settled the Mexican border dispute, and in the end it seized more than half of Mexico's territory. Those who were Mexican living the seized territory were now consider U.S citizens. This treaty was a satisfaction, because it allowed for the notion of the U.S. becoming a continental nation come true. -
Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention started the women's suffrage movement in America. This conventions was the first women's rights convention, and the event took place in New York. Women involved in the abolition and temperance movement were: Elizabeth Cody Sarton and Lucretia Mott. In this convention there were 300 women and men. The blueprints of suffrage was the declaration of sentiments and resolutions. This secured rights in economics and in voting. -
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor, a whig, Lewis Cass, a democrat, and Martin Van Buren, a free-soiler, were the three candidates for this election. Taylor's campaign was considered pragmatic due to him claiming he was for Wilmot Proviso in the north and in the south he claimed he was for pro-slavery. Buren actually did support Proviso and wanted to keep slavery where it already existed and hated the southern influence in the democratic party. In the end Taylor won election and became the 12th president of U.S. -
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman fled slavery in 1849, leaving her family behind in order to escape. Despite having a bounty on her head, she returned to the South at least 19 times to lead her family and 100,000 other slaves to freedom by being a conductor in the Underground Railroad in the years of 1830-1860. Abolitionist in the north and south used their houses or "safe houses" to help the slaves escape. The slaves laid low for a few months and then would follow Tubman, to Canada, where they would become free. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin, an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe tells the truth about what is going on in the South. It states that the plantation owners treat their slaves horrible and because of horrible work conditions, the slaves were sad. The south saw Uncle Tom's Cabin as abolitionist propaganda and banned it.A number of pro slavery writers responded with "Aunt Phillis' Cabin". This book helped lay the groundwork for the Civil war and helped to fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. -
Aunt Phillis's cabin
Aunt Phillis's Cabin, is a plantation fiction novel by Seth and Mary Eastman. It is a completely different book than "Uncle Tom's Cabin". Eastman portrays the plantation owners as overall happy people who treat their slaves with respect, she portrayed the slaves the exact same way, respectful to their masters and happy. This book was a response to "Uncle Tom's Cabin" story of how it portrayed the South, she opposes her views of the South and instead she writes the "real truth" about the South. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress as a part of the Compromise of 1850 between southern slave interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This law stated that runaway slaves,if captured are required to be returned to their masters.It also allowed for any slave master to go and recapture their runaway slaves.This law upset Northerners,because it required them to help capture and return runaway slaves.Many Northerners wanted to help slaves escape rather than help catch them -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas was a period of violent political confrontations in the Kansas territory between 1854-1861 involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian". These series of events in "Bleeding Kansas" started with the killing of five slave supporters by the hand of John Brown and his supporters at Pottawatomie Creek. This event spread chaos and violence like a wild fire, and eventually Kansas was called "Bleeding Kansas." This was significant event leading to the Civil War -
South Agriculture
In the South, plantations were important. They had an agriculture based society and relied on slave labor to get it done. Industrialization was developing at a much slower rate than the North. Cotton represented half of all U.S exports. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney, it helped produce cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fibers, this machine lead to an increase of slaves, and about 4 million slaves worked in the South. -
Industrialization in the North
In the North, commerce was important. They had factories which were used for manufacturing goods in the North. Slaves were not needed for work. They also had machines that allowed products to be produced faster, and had immigrants do the work. New tools transformed farms. Improvements to the plow made farm work easier and faster, the introduction of railroads will allow for farmers to get food into the markers faster. Steam engines also played a huge factor in the North. -
Period: to
THE CIVIL WAR
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Union Blockade
William Henry Seward,recommended the adoption of the blockade shortly after Battle of Fort Sumter.So,during the Civil War,Union forces established blockade of Confederate ports,to prevent export of cotton & smuggling of war material into the South.This blockade,was an important economic policy,that successfully prevented the Confederate access to weapons that the North could produce for itself. Although,it was less successful at preventing the smuggling of cotton,weapons and other materials. -
Trent Affair
November 1861,U.S. Navy Officer,Charles Wilkes,captured two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship,The Trent,in order to seek support for South in the Civil War.British,who had not taken sides in the war,were outraged & claimed:seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S.Navy was a violation of international law.United States publicly celebrated turn of events as victory against Confederacy.In the end,Lincoln's admin. released the envoys and adverted armed conflict with Britain -
The Battle of Antietam
The Battle of Antietam, pitted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's army of Northern Virginia against Union General George McClellan's army of the Potomac. This battle was a decisive engagement in the American Civil war that halted the Confederate advance on Maryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies. The Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln was an outcome of this war, and this battle will remain one of the deadliest one day battles in all American military history. -
Twenty Negro Law
This law was passed by Confederate Congress October of 1862,during the Civil War.It stated that a white male can exempt from Confederate draft,only if he had 20 slaves held on the plantation.Purpose of this law was to ensure that enough white males will stay behind to prevent slave revolts.Law was resisted by poor white southerners,because it allowed wealthier men the option to avoid service.In the North,a white male that pays $300 or finds someone to take their place can also exempt service. -
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.It granted freedom to slaves in Confederate States if the states didn't return to Union by January 1,1863.Also,it stated that freedom would only come to slaves if Union won the war.This didn't apply to Border States,because they were allowed to keep slaves.Proclamation led way to total abolition of slavery in the U.S.With the Proclamation, the aim of the war changed to include the freeing of slaves in addition to preserving the Union. -
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern States in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor based economy based on low wager or debt. Many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts and if they refused they risked being arrested as vagrants and fined or force into unpaid labor. Northern outrage over the black codes helped undermine support for Johnson’s policies -
Period: to
RECONSTRUCTION
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Appomattox Court House
April 1865,Confederate General Lee,surrendered his army to Union General Grant near town of Appomattox Court House,Virginia.Days earlier,Lee abandoned Confederate capital of Richmond and city of Petersburg,his goal was to get supplies of his dead troops,and meet Confederate reinforcements in North Carolina and resume fighting.However, Union Army was cut off their retreat and forced to stop at Appomattox, Virginia,there the battle in the courthouse lasted a few hours,& brought civil war to an end -
Abraham Lincoln
April 1865, Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd, were attending the performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. Once John Wilkes Booth(confederate sympathizer) found out, he thought of a plan:he and his co-conspirators believed the simultaneous assassination of Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, and William H. Henry, would throw the U.S. government into disarray.Booth went up to the box where Lincoln and his wife were, and at 10:15 pm he shot Lincoln in back of the head. -
KKK
Founded in 1866,KKK extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and resented new black rights in Reconstruction era.KKK members had an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders.The primary goal of the KKK was to reestablish white supremacy.They made poor whites feel like they weren't the bottom of social ladder,to encourage them to join their group.They would punish blacks and those who tried to help them by lynching or murdering them. -
Panic of 1873
The panic of 1873, affected everyone across the country,but especially in South,businesses failed, there was high unemployment,and racial tensions.Property owners in South demanded that state budgets be cut and tax lowered.Southern penitentiaries were dismantled and convicts were leased to private contractors,pending on public schools & care of orphans,the sick,and the insane was sharply reduced.Black become less important.The disputed presidential election(1876)brought Reconstruction to an end -
Whiskey Ring Scandal
The Whiskey Ring Scandal of 1875,began after a few months of Grant's second presidential term in office.It involved a conspiracy of distillers to bribe government officials and defraud the government of the excise taxes on liquor.This was public knowledge but it was puzzling because of strong political connections of men involved.U.S.Secretary of Treasury, Benjamin H. Bristow resolved to break conspiracy and in May,1875 he succeeded in his goal and charges were brought against the conspirators. -
Mississippi Plan
In 1875, The Mississippi government was trying to prevent Black political participation. This plan was devised by the Democratic Party to violently overthrow the Republican Party. So,the whites in this state allied with each other for the Election of 1874, and would create terror, so that the black and white Republicans wouldn't vote. Due to this plan, it led to an easy victory for the Democratic Party, and soon many other states, mainly southern, began making similar plans like this one. -
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877, marked the end of Reconstruction in the South. The Compromise reached to settle the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. The secret deal ensured that the Republican Party candidate, Rutherford Hayes, would become the next president and that the Democrats would regain political power in the southern state governments. Hayes will be given all the electoral votes and will agree to end Reconstruction. Republicans will also agree to remove federal troops from the South. -
Jim Crow
The Jim Crow laws in the United States were laws that enforced racial segregation between the end of the reconstruction era in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement. From the late 1870s, Southern legislature no longer controlled carpetbaggers and freedmen. They passed laws requiring separation of white from people of color in public transportation and schools. The Jim crow laws originated from the black codes and existed mainly for the south.
