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1000 BCE
The First Americans
The Very first humans too arrive in what is now the United states, came from Asia, through the Bering Land Bridge. Now submerged under the Bering Straight today, most of the water on earth was frozen in Glaciers, these glaciers allowed our early Americans too cross the 1,000 mile bridge and settle the early Americas. Many Native Americans can trace there lineage too these pioneers. After the First ice age, with global temperatures rising, the land bridge flooded around 10,000 years ago. -
Period: 1000 BCE to 800 BCE
Bering Land bridge
The First Americans -
Period: 900 BCE to
Beginning to Exploration
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Period: 800 BCE to 300 BCE
Mesoamerica
Native People and Cultures -
500 BCE
Native Americans
Native Americans where the first settlers of the American continent. Groups like the Aztecs, Maya and Incas where the most advanced civilizations of this time period. Many of the these civilizations and ones like them practiced human sacrificing, Bloodletting, a caste system and written language. Many Tribal ideas and concepts today, originated in this time period. These civilizations held millions of people. Men where typically hunters and women where prized in these civilizations. -
475
The Dark Ages
Following the fall of the mighty Roman empire, Most of Europe experienced a time period of demographically, cultural and economical deterioration. There was no higher learning, and the average life span was 30 years old. The Catholic Church really spread and gained a foothold in this time period. Feudalism and economic social classes were prevalent. This Period is also known for its Intellectual darkness and barbarity. -
1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a Cultural movement that initially started in Italy, but soon spread throughout the Europe. This time period is praised as one of the most creative periods in history, with great minds like Leonardo Da vinci and many popular artworks like the Mona Lisa. There was a widespread passion for knowledge, which gave rise too early philosophers and there fascination of the human body. This boom of knowledge inspired artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello and many others. -
1492
Colombian Exchange
Following Columbus's discovery of the "New World" England, Spain and others quickly took advantage of the resources the " New World" had too offer. Soon these superpowers of the time began sending large scale voyages too the "New world". They began trading many plants, animals, and natural resources of the land. Increased contact with the Natives of the land lead too diseases being given too the Natives which decimated there population and made European colonization much easier. -
1492
European expansion and colonization
While the Native people of the "New World" remained undisturbed for centuries, there peace would be interrupted by European colonizers like Christopher Columbus. He convinced the Royal Crown of Spain to give him ships along with a crew of men, supplies and other resources. Demand for spices was so great during this time, Columbus wanted too find the quickest way too Asia too attain said spices, but he sailed across the Atlantic and discovered the Caribbean and other islands on his voyages. -
Dec 5, 1492
Early Colonization of the New world
World powers of the time like France, Spain, and England where the first too colonize the ''New world". Although England was a little behind Spain, and France due too a religiously sparked civil war. Spain and France, taking advantage of this, quickly befriended the native people in there search for gold, silver, spices and fur. Europeans colonized as far south as panama, and north in what is now Maine. During this time, natives where killed by European disease and there land was taken. -
Chesapeake Colonies
These Colonies centered around the Chesapeake Bay area. One of the most notable colonies of this time was Virginia, which was founded by John Smith as an a extension of the Virginia Company, back in England. This colony was founded for monetary purposes, which is why a vast majority of the land was used too grow tobacco. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America was founded in Virginia. African Slavery can can trace its beginnings too the Virginia area. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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New England Colonies
As a result of the raging religious conflicts in Europe, Puritans left Europe and founded the first permanent Puritan colony in what is now Cape cod bay Massachusetts. Puritans, along with separatist pilgrims sailed across the Atlantic on the Mayflower. On board this ship, the first Demographic government was conceived to be established in the colonies. Along with the concept of self government, the concept of Thanksgiving was also introduced threw the Plymouth bay colony. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Similarly, this colony was also founded on the basis of religious freedom, and too escape the hierarchical Church of England. Governor John Winthrop, is credited for the the establishment of this colony under a royal Charter. Despite establishing this colony on the grounds of religious freedom from England, it was very intolerant towards other religious view, indirectly planting the seed for other colonies too be erected in the area. It too achieved success through shipbuilding and lumber trade. -
Proprietary Colonies
George Calvert, or Lord Baltimore although dying before seeing his actions through, was the first man too be granted a proprietary charter. His son Cecil Calvert, became the proprietor of Maryland on June 20, 1632. The King granted proprietary ownership in this manor to better focus on his own affairs back in England. Others followed in Calvert's footsteps, William Penn also founding Pennsylvania under a proprietary charter. These Charters granted sole ownership of the colony to the proprietor. -
Early Colonial Hiccups
Although colonial society growth was booming , many of them faced internal and external problems. Aside from the looming threat of starvation, many Native Americans weren't happy with the growth of the colonies, as the colonies where taking there land in large amounts. If native american threats weren't enough, Nathaniel Bacon staged the first rebellion in which indentured servants participated in. His rebellion against the Governor Berkeley of Virginia was the first rebellion in the colonies. -
The Enlightenment
Beginning in the late 17th century and lasting until the 18th century, The Enlightenment was a intellectual movement focused on reason, individualism and skepticism. Adam Smith, John locke and even Isaac Newton all challenge the traditional religious views of the time. Along with deism many philosophers believed that reason, was the best mode of thinking and could lead too human improvement. Many ideas found in our U.S Constitution and Declaration of Independence all stemmed from this movement. -
The Glorious Revolution
Meanwhile in England, there was great strife between the King and Parliament. Fear of catholic tyranny, King James II was chased from his thrown by his daughter, and the thrown became a joint monarchy.Once the colonies caught word of this, colonist revolted against the appointed officials set in place by King James. The Dominion of England, set in place by King James II was quickly overthrown in Boston, in March 1689. -
Salem Witch Trials
In the small village of Salem, spring of 1693, one of the most widespread cases of mass hysteria would lead too the unlawful execution of 20 people. The Salem witch trials were a result of girls accusing locals of witchcraft. These girls accusations and "bewitched" nature, convinced many town officials that other women of the village where indeed witches and deserved to be hanged. Eventually the hysteria lost steam and in 1693 the Governor of the colony ordered an end too the horrific trials. -
Triangular Trade
Beginning with Portugal, European nations began trading valued resources from the recently discovered ''New World" too the European motherland.This trade went from Europe to Africa, too the "New World", and back too Europe. Slaves, raw materials, sugar, spices, animals, and crops all traveled along this shipping route. The triangular trade, or the Transatlantic slave trade refer too the same passage. Many slaves were shipped in atrocious conditions known as the infamous middle passage this way. -
The Great Awakening
With many things changing in colonial america its no surprise that traditional religious views will change as well. Since before colonial america, religion was seen as a mandatory quality since humans developed past the dark ages in Europe. Religious positions where only held by societies most elite, and these members where often hailed as lords. George Whitefield and others completely changed this. He and others encourage a personal relationship with god and held many religious revivals. -
Colonial Economies
Now that the colonies are establishing themselves, economy and generating revenue are becoming more important. The lower south established themselves in the agricultural realm. With slavery on the rise, this region was able too profit from the growing of tobacco, rice, indigo and later cotton. Meanwhile in the New England colonies, they focused on the trading of furs, fishing and shipbuilding. The mid-Atlantic colonies, had a vast economy. Shipbuilding and farming where frequently used. -
French and Indian War
With tensions high in the Ohio River Valley, a young, man by the name of George Washington, launched a surprise attack on a french occupied fort. His action will spark the first war too be fought around the world. With the French and Natives in one corner, and Britain in the other, a bloody 7 year war would rage on in which millions of people would lose there lives. On February 1763, the treaty of Paris was signed, Ultimately giving Britain victory and dominion over the land in North America. -
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Colonial America
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The Revolutionary War
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Taxes, Taxes Taxes
After the French and Indian War, Britain was in a financial hole. Britain needed money or else debt and crisis was imminent. In an attempt too generate revenue, British parliament passed the first tax against the colonists.The Sugar act, was a tax on imported sugar and molasses from the Caribbean. Colonists where infuriated at parliaments audacity too tax the colonies. Taxes and British imperialism are the main causes of the War. As colonists viewed themselves as there own functioning nation. -
Acts of Parliment
With Britain in financial trouble, parliament looks too its colonies too generate the additional revenue they so desperately need. The Sugar act of 1764 was the first tax passed on colonists with the intent too generate revenue. Other taxes on colonial goods where passed by Parliament.The Sugar act and taxes that followed were met with the non-importation movement and tea boycotts.The Coercive acts were passed too force colonists too obey. This civil unrest will lead too the American Revolution. -
Boston Massacre
With Civil unrest running rampet in the colonies, many colonists expressed there distaste with British policies with aggravated mobs. Tensions peaked when an argument between British private Hugh White, and colonists escalated outside the Custom House in Boston. Colonists began harassing the small British infantry. British forces opened fired on the colonists, killing five colonists including Crispus Attacks. Once this event reached newspapers, colonists were infuriated and rallied for war. -
Boston Tea Party
A shipment of tea from Britain's East India company, was set to arrive in Boston. Under the tea act, a duty would be paid on arrival of the shipment. Faced with the impending extension of British imperialism, a radical group known as the sons of liberty rallied other colonists to face British shipments. Once the shipments arrived in the harbor the sons of liberty, dressed as Indians, boarded and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor. This was the first major act of defiance by the colonists. -
1st Continental Congress
In response to colonists rebellious manor, parliament passed the coercive acts, severely hindering colonists sense of freedom and liberty. Leading colonists from 12 of the 13 colonies including George Washington,John Adams and Patrick Henry and other delegates to meet in Philadelphia.There main focus was a creating colonial resistance too the coercive acts passed earlier. It was decided that all colonies will boycott all British goods,with the hope of removing economic sanctions on the colonists -
The Shot heard around the World
The first battle of the American Revolution was fought at Lexington. A battalion of British soldiers marched to Lexington in an effort to seize an alleged stock pile of weaponry. A quickly formed militia; known as the "Minutemen", were posted at Lexington to fend of the imposing threat. Once British soldiers and colonial "Patriots" met; a musket fired, sparking the fighting between the two regimes. -
Paul Revere's Midnight Ride(Poem)
Written by American Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Paul revere is portrayed as a mighty horseback rider that warned militias in both Lexington and Concord of the enclosing British army. However, Paul revere was not the patriotic symbol we know him as today. Mr. Longfellow wrote about Mr. Revere in a poem with the intent to warn the American union of its oncoming danger of disintegration. His poem was meant to be a symbol of American patriotism leading to, and through the American Revolution. -
Battle of Bunker Hill
On July 17, 1775, American patriots fought one of the earliest battles with the British near present-day Boston. Realizing the strategic advantage Bunker hill and the surrounding areas had, British forces set there sites on the hill. However, they were met by 1000 colonial forces. Although the patriots lost this battle, it provided a huge moral boost for the patriots and made Britain realize that the war with the colonies would be long, tough, and very costly. -
Olive Branch Pettition
With tensions between colonists and Britain at an all time high,the colonists and Britain where on the brink of war. Despite the earlier battles of Lexington and the siege of Boston the second continental congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition to assert there rights, while also maintaining there loyalty to the King.This was the colonists last attempt to avoid war with Britain. When the petition was sent to the king,he refused to read it.Making it clear to the colonists that war was imminent. -
Declaration of Independence
The Second continental Congress express there grievances with the crown, and declared independence from Britain. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and other founding fathers gave a written account of grievances and founded the United states of America. Americans, I dare call them, where simply at there wits end with British imperialism and oppression. 56 delegates from all over the young United States meet in Philadelphia for the construction, and ratification of this document. -
Battle of Saratoga
This battle marked a major turning point in America's struggle for independence. British General John Burgoyne led a large army south; from Canada, to the Champlain valley. He had hoped to rendezvous with other British forces, however he soon found himself surrounded by 20,000 american patriots. He and his army retreated to Saratoga and soon after surrendered. This battle showed the world that America could win the war, and convinced other foreign powers to send aid to the Americans. -
Massachusetts Constitution
After the war, the young American colonies are trying too piece together a working government, something completely different from Britain. One of the the first attempts at this new radical government was Massachusetts. Many of the ideals presented in Massachusetts own Constitution were also used in our present day Constitution. It is the worlds oldest functioning Constitution and laid the framework for our three branches of government, and a premature bill of rights. -
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The Constitution
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Articles of Confederation
Following the American Revolution, America now had too build its own Government from the ground up. The first attempt was the Articles of Confederation. Although it useful during the American Revolution, it had major flaws that became evident shortly after. The Federal Government was to weak to enforce its laws. Congress could not tax, therefore wartime debts went unpaid. The 13 "States" acted more like 13 individual nations under the articles. The new nation was in trouble under the Articles. -
Battle of Yorktown
This as a decisive victory for colonial and french troops in Yorktown Virginia. With a combined force of 20,000 soldiers, General George Washington marched south through Philadelphia. The French West India Fleet under De Grasse reached one end of the Chesapeake Bay,at the same time the American army reached the other. Surrounded, General Cornwallis of the British army soon surrendered. This was the last major land battle of the American revolution and resulted in the Treaty of Paris. -
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The Constitution
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Treaty of Paris
Signed on September 3, 1783, this Treaty ended the American Revolution. The colonial empire of Britain was destroyed in North America as one of the terms of this treaty. Also, Great Britain and other World powers of the time recognized America as its own sovereign Nation and set the boundary lines of the newly founded nation. -
Bitter tension with Britain
Even though Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, Britain was still reluctant to adhere to it. In part of the patriots not upholding there "end of the bargain'' when giving back loyalists land after the war. British forces still occupied there forts in the Ohio Valley and where even supplying local Indian tribes with ammunition in hopes of slowing american progress. They were even hindering trade along the Mississippi river and hindering trade where they still occupied the area. -
Shay's Rebellion
Beginning on August 31, 1786; and ending in June 1787, a group of rural farmers and commoners lead by Daniel shay, took control of a Massachusetts courthouse. Daniel Shay and his followers were rebelling against perceived economic and civil injustices. Under the Articles of Confederation; congress could not tax therefore, America was in huge War debts. Shays's rebellion also shined light on the need for new and stronger constitution among the states. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Second Continental Congress enacted this law for admitting new states into the United States. This law was mainly aimed at the Ohio territory, which was later divided into the states of: Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois. This law will be looked to later in America's history as a "template'' for admitting states to the union, and as guidelines for what a state must have prior to being admitted. -
Constitutional Convention
With the Articles of Confederation clearly leading the young nation into ruin, 55 delegates from all over the country met at the old Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. With George Washington presiding, not only will the delegates discuss the future government structure but they will discuss other important matters such as slavery and government authority. -
The Federalists
One of the first political party's the United States has ever seen; this party was spearheaded by non-other that Alexander Hamilton. His beliefs and yearning for a strong central government favored wealthy elite and urban businessmen, yet they did not stand behind a bill of rights. Dispite Washington's warning to avoid political party's, John Jay and the Federalists take office in 1796. -
The Anti-Federalists
Following the rise of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist, Thomas Jefferson spearheaded this political party also referred to as the Democratic-Republicans. Unlike Hamilton financially motivated schemes and yearning for a strong central government, Jefferson desired a nation of farmers. In other words; Thomas Jefferson wanted the new nation and its politics to be run by the common man. Jefferson foresaw a strict interpretation of the constitution and a weaker central government. -
The Virginia plan
The 3 branches of government: Executive, Legislative, Judicial, were first proposed at the Constitutional Convention under the Virginia Plan. Drafted by James Madison and presented by Edmund Randolph, the Virginia plan proposed a strong central government with checks and balances. It also proposed a bicameral legislature One of the main points of the Virginia plan was that larger states would wield much more power in congress than smaller states because representation was bases on population. -
The New Jersey Plan
Presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787, this plan was drafted in response to the Virginia plan and directly opposed the Virginia plan's " Representation by Population" approached to the structure of congress. The New Jersey plan stated that all states should have equal votes in the senate regardless of population. This plan will lay the framework for our modern day senate. -
The Connecticut plan
Also known as the Great compromise of 1787, the Connecticut plan was the middle ground between the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan. Proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth, the Connecticut plan provided equal representation in the senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. It was passed on July 16, 1787 by a one-vote margin. -
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The new Republic
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Election on 1788
The New Nation, after fighting for independence from Britain,and creating an entirely new government unlike anything the world had ever seen before, finally needs it first president. Conducted under the new United States Constitution ratified earlier that year, George Washington was unanimously elected to be the first president of the United States of America and John Adams became the first vice president. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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Two Competing forms of Government
Even though George Washington did not align himself with a political party and warned against them in his farewell address, the Federalist and the anti-federalist; who will later be known as the Democratic-Republicans. Alexander Hamilton will lead the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans, will fight to gain power in the newly founded government. Hamilton will fight to protect the interests of the wealthy and Jefferson will protect the interests of the common man -
Bank of The United States
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the bank of the United States supposed to stabilize Americas fluctuation economy. However the Bank of the United states was privately owned and could be invested in. This meant that wealthy individuals could become even more wealthy by investing in the bank. This fact made many dislike it, as they saw the bank as a way for the few to profit at the expense of the many. Thomas Jefferson was one of the many who felt this way. Nevertheless the bank ran for 20 years. -
Bill Of Rights
The Bill of rights is our protection from a tyrannical government. George Mason was one the leading figures in creating the bill of rights. Mason, along with the anti-federalist believed a Bill of Rights was imperative to have in the constitution as the Bill of Rights will safeguard our individual liberties. The constitution may not have been passed if the Bill of rights was not added. The First 10 amendments to the constitution make up the Bill of rights. -
Whiskey Rebellion
In order to generate revenue,Alexander Hamilton issued a tax on Whiskey.This tax infuriated farmers in western Pennsylvania;who were making a handsome amount of money selling it.The Farmers tared and feathered tax collectors and the whole situation escalated to a full scale rebellion.Unlike Shay's rebellion,this rebellion was quickly put down by George Washington and a battalion of soldiers.This was the first test of the new U.S Constitution and gave an example of the power the Constitution held -
Jay's Treaty
The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation between Great Britain and the United States effectively adverted war; which was a very real threat since America and Britain where still engaging in small skirmishes involving shipping and trading. Under this treaty Britain agreed too evacuate the Northwest territory and resolve other grievances. Although the treaty resolved grievances on the international scale,the treaty drove an even deeper wedge between the already politically divided government. -
Pinckney's Treaty
Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo, was an agreement between Spain and the United States. This Treaty re-opened trade through the Mississippi river to the United states and Spain agreed to recognize the 31st parallel as the southern border of the United States and ceded Florida to the States. Prior to this treaty the western and southern borders had been a source of tension between Spain and the United States. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Nearing the end of his second term, George Washington wrote this 32 page address as a "letter to his fellow citizens and friends". In his farewell address Washington warns of the dangers of long term "Foreign entanglements" or alliances with other nations. President Washington also warns against "geographical distinctions" and an "excessive political party spirit". After publishing his Farewell address, George Washington retired to his home at Mount Vernon in Virginia. -
The Election of 1796
After George Washington left the presidential office, the need arose for a new president. Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans ran against John Adams of the Federalists in the Election of 1796. Starting on Friday November 4th and lasting to Wednesday December 7th, this was the first contested Presidential election and the first election to elect a president and vice president from opposing ballots. -
The Adams Presidency
Beating Jefferson and the other candidates in the Election of 1796, John Adams took office on March 4, 1797. Adams presidency was riddled with controversy in part of him passing the Alien and Sedition acts. These 4 bills were passed by a federalist dominated congress and signed by John Adams Himself. These laws made suffrage for immigrants very difficult and gave the Government the authority to deport immigrants. These laws were aimed at immigrants who did not support the federalist party. -
The Kentucky resolutions
The passing of the Alien and Sedation acts sent an uproar through many individuals. One of the most notable individuals was Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and their viewpoint was published in the Kentucky Resolutions. Because congress was firmly in Federalist control, the fight against the Alien and Sedition acts fell to the state level. In the Resolutions Thomas Jefferson asserts the idea that states have the power to nullify federal law or flat out ignore it. -
The Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson called this election " The Revolution of 1800" mainly due to the fact because this was the first time in history that power was switching between two different political parties. Jefferson defeated Adams in this election,meaning that the Democratic- Republicans will now have power in government.Thomas Jefferson promised to govern the nation based on how he though the founding fathers intended,with a decentralized government and trusting in the people to make there own decisions. -
Midnight Judges
The end of the presidency was in sight for John Adams, as Thomas Jefferson was to be inaugurated that following day. John Adams and the Federalists where about to lose there political power to there rivals, Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-republicans. He feared; under Jefferson, political influence of the Federalist would soon be washed away. In a last-ditch effort, Adams appointed 16 Federalist circuit judges and 42 federalist judges near midnight to maintain Federalist influence. -
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The Age of Jefferson
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The Jefferson Administration
This was the first time in history power had been exchanged from one political party to another. Beginning on March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson lead the government a very different way from Adams. As a Democratic- Republican, Jefferson had longed for a decentralized government. Thomas Jefferson will not only radically change the way America's political spectrum but he will also dramatically change the very shape of the United States. -
Marbury V. Madison
This is one of the most significant court cases in all of United States history as, this court case established the principle of judicial review. One of Adams' midnight judges, the court unanimously ruled that Marbury was indeed entitled to his commission. However the court also ruled that congress could not give the court the power to order an issue granting Marbury his position. This court case gave the court the power to declare laws and acts unconstitutional and declare them null and void. -
The Louisiana Purchase
One of the most note worthy things Thomas Jefferson accomplished during his time in office was acquire the vast Louisiana territory from the French empire. Purchased for just 7 cents an acre, this purchased doubled the size of the United States and expanded the nation all the way west to the Mississippi river and even beyond that in some parts. With this event came the soaring revelation of Manifest Destiny and the yearning of the american people to expand westward onto this new land. -
The 12th amendment
The 12th amendment to the constitution was first proposed by congress on December 9th, 1803. This amendment provides the procedure for electing the president and vice president. This amendment fixed a flaw that allowed Thomas Jefferson and Aaron burr to tie in the electoral college. Up until the passing of this amendment; the president and vice president were voted on at the same time, After the passing of this amendment that changed, now they are voted for individually. -
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Thomas Jefferson has just purchased the vast Louisiana territory but, vast majority of this territory's geography and topography are unknown. Lewis and Clark were sent out by Jefferson to map out and chart this unknown territory. Along the way they discovered hundreds of unknown animals and plants, on there expedition they enlisted the assistance of a native american girl by the name of Sacajawea. It took Lewis and Clark a total of 2 years to travel nearly 8,000 miles. -
Hamilton Vs Burr
Alexander Hamilton; leader of the Federalist party, was fatally shot by his longtime rival, Aaron Burr. Hamilton and Burr had long been rivals, politically and personally. Hamilton slandered Aaron burr on numerous occasions on the political arena. Burr; after being bested yet again by Hamilton challenged him to a duel, which was held in Weehawken, New Jersey. On July 11, 1804 Aaron Burr and Hamilton drawled there pistols, Hamilton decided to fire his shot in the air, Burr fired in his chest. -
The Embargo act of 1807
On the other side of the Atlantic; the world powers, Great Britain and France where at war. These wars caused problems for american merchants, mainly because american merchants traded goods with both world powers. Britain had begun forcing american sailors and merchants to fight for there naval forces also known as impressment. This lead Thomas Jefferson and Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807, stating that american merchants could not trade goods with Britain or France. -
War of 1812
Americans of this time called this war the "Second war for independence" as america and Great Britain fight each other once more lasting from 1812 till 1815. Britain was already fighting wars with France around this time, leading to the impressment of thousands of United States merchants to be captured, and forced into Navel service against there will. There was no clear winner in this war as neither side lost or gained anything. This war lead to the Treaty of Ghent and two centuries of peace. -
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Westward Expansion
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Fort McHenry
During the War of 1812, British forces marched into the Capitol of the Unites States and set flame to the White House. The British then marched to Fort Mchenry and were met with the undeniable grit of the american forces as the american troops defended the fort. The battle lasted the entire night as the American flag was raised high in the air. Francis Scott key was being held on a prison ship as he watched the battle. He was then inspired to pen our nation anthem "The Star spangled banner". -
Battle of New Oreans
Although the war of 1812 had already officially ended almost two weeks earlier with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, a new rugged, fearless general known as Andrew Jackson lead a ragtag battalion of soldiers to a stunning victory against the British in New Orleans. This battle was one of the most significant battles that occurred with the British after 1812 and exonerated Andrew Jackson as a war hero. -
Transportation
With the transition from a majority rural infrastructure to a Urbanized platform, came the erecting of government built roads. Railroads where mainly used by the North during the Civil war, but now they are becoming more accessible to the public. The Erie canal connected the West and the North will simultaneously increasing the usage of steamboats, by commercial and civilian entities. These new advancements sliced travel time for both goods and persons exponentially. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
In Maryland, the United States extended a "Bank of the United States'' that subsequently lead to issues with the nearby bank of Maryland near by. When Maryland's bank tried to impede the progression of the Bank of United States by issuing a tax on all bank notes not chartered in Maryland, the whole ordeal found its way into the Supreme court. The Supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers or power not given by the constitution but necessary to run a government effectively. -
Panic of 1819
Following the War of 1812, the Panic of 1812 was the first major peacetime recession crisis in the United States. This was followed by the collapse of the entire American economy. Widespread bank failures, and foreclosures ravaged the country. Nation wide unemployment rates soared, accompanied by a slump of agricultural outputs and manufacturing capacity marking an end to the economic expansion following the war of 1812 -
Adam-Onis Treaty(Florida)
President John Adams and Spanish minister; Luis de Onis met in Washington DC to sign this treaty. The Adam-Onis treaty ceded Florida to the land craving united states. This treaty also set the boundary lines of the Louisiana purchase, which was disputed territory especially near Texas. Another term of this treaty was Americas recognition of Texas as a part of the Spanish empire. This treaty set boundary lines in major disputed territories, which will later be taken by the United states. -
Mass Production
The North is notoriously known for its factory based economy. One of the reasons the North could base its economy on industry was the ability the North had to mass produce goods at a low and affordable cost. Steam powered engines powered Northern factories this allowed for factory outputs to soar, increasing the the outputs of goods and increasing the profitability of industrialization. Many textile mills , such as the Lowell Mills, hired many women and children to work in these factories. -
The Second Great Awakening
This "religious rebirth" was on a fast track around the country by the 1820's, with membership rates sharply increasing for Methodist and Baptist congregations. Many accredited Charles Grandison Finney, with the rise of the Second Great Awakening in the United States, as he and other religious leaders held sermons through the country. This religious rebirth gave way to many reform movements such as the Temperance movement and Women's Suffrage. -
Missouri Crisis
At this time, the legislature in America between the North and South was evenly divided.With only 22 states in the union,11 of said states allowed slavery and the later half were free states.Following the acquisition of the new territories in the west, a new state had conjured itself as Missouri and would allow the institution of slavery.This notion was met with viscous opposition as admitting Missouri would distort the balance in congress.Free states feared the South would have too much power -
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Age of Jackson
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Missouri Comprimise
The American legislature was sharply divided over the state hood of Missouri. The admission of a Missouri, as a slave state, would sway the delicate balance between Free and Slave states in favor of the Slave states. On March 3, 1820, Henry clay, introduced his plan to settle this issue. Known as the Missouri Compromise, Clay stated that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be admitted as a free state. Also, slavery could not exist above the 36*30 line of latitude. -
Monroe Doctorine
President James Monroe issued this declaratory bill in 1823 telling the entire eastern hemisphere but was particularly aimed at the European powers to stay out of the affairs of the United States. Furthermore, the Monroe Doctrine stated that any further colonization acts in the western hemisphere will be taken as an act of war. This doctrine was monumental as it not only asserted the ferocity of the United States to the rest of the world, it also helped mexico gain Independence from Spain. -
The Election of 1824
In 1824, the wartime hero, Andrew Jackson was running as the presidential candidate for the democratic party. Jackson had won the popular vote but neither candidate won the majority in the electoral college. Thus, under the 20th amendment the 6th presidency would be decided by the House of Representatives. Although Jackson was the popular candidate, he lost to Adams in 1824. This lead many to suspect Henry clay conjured a bargain in favor of Adams winning the presidency. -
Andrew Jackson
A war hero at the Battle of New Orleans during the war of 1812, Andrew Jackson earned the nickname "Old Hickory" as he was seen my many to be the strongest and toughest of men. Many people viewed him as the "Man of the people" which lead him to win presidency later in 1828. Andrew Jackson inspired an entirely new division of democracy known as "Jacksonian Democracy." He will be revered for his robust and decisive leadership in office and his policies. -
Jacksonian Administration
In office, Andrew Jackson rewarded his most favorable supporters chairs in the white house.This "Spoils System" gave way to many scandals that plagued Jackson's time in office. Furthermore, the succession crisis over the nullification power of states, would pit the federal government and south Carolina at odds.Only the threat of force will coarse South Carolina into submission, portraying Jackson as a tyrant. Jackson also relocates native Americans off there land known as the ''Trail of tears." -
Election of 1828
After losing the Presidency in 1824, Jackson swore his revenge against Adams for the "Corrupt Bargain" that placed him in office. Jackson began campaigning immediately after his defeat in 1824, using pins, posters and flyers, Jackson quickly became a household name. Before long everyone knew about Andrew Jackson and when the Election of 1828 came around, he defeated Adams in a landslide, easily winning the most votes. -
Architecture (Cultural Changes)
Characterized as mainly Greek but also roman architecture, many Americans sough after this style of living as a statement of American prosperity. Luxury goods were also widely accessible during this period, leading to furniture and other luxury markets expanding. Populous cities such as Troy,and Syracuse where named after great ancient Greek cities during this time period. -
Western Frontier
One of the most profitable things the Western Frontier had to offer was the Fur trapping and trading industry. Fur trappers could make thousand by capturing mainly beavers, and other animals, removing there hide and turning there hide into luxury coats and hats. Many settlers also flocked to the western frontier for the prospect of cheap and plentiful land. The Federal government encouraged settlers to move west by enticing them with cheap land and complete control of there life. -
Temperance Movement
With all these monumental changes to the structure and fabric of the United States, cultural changes that effected civil interactions also transformed. One such "Reform", was the Temperance movement, beginning in the 1830's and lasting well into into the 1850's and 1860's. This movement inspired widespread abstinence from all alcoholic beverages. This reform was one of the most widespread; having its origins in Ireland and Sweden, and one of the most Successful. -
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Cultural Changes
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Indian Removal act of 1830
This policy, sign into law by president Andrew Jackson on March 28, 1830, is arguably the most horrific, atrocious aspect of the Jackson administration. This awful policy legalized the forced removal of hundreds of native people, who had cultivated these lands for centuries, and relocated them to unsettled lands farther out west. Hundreds of Native Indian subscripts recall this tragic chapter in American history. -
Trail of Tears
Following the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the forced relocation of eastern woodlands Indian nation such as the: Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, among other nations, were forced off there sacred homelands at the tip of a Bayonet. Known as the " Trail of Tears", this 1,200 mile journey across rugged, untamed wilderness to federal territories west of the Mississippi river. The conditions endured by Natives was horrendous,as 4,000 natives perished, due too disease and hunger. -
Worcester Vs. Georgia
The United States had strict and decisive laws in place that allowed the co-existence of the Cherokee Nation and the United States. Therefore, when missionary Samuel Worcester, settled on tribal lands in Georgia, Worcester and his fellow missionarys were apprehended by the United States army and prosecuted in the court of law. However, Worcester demanded his case be taken to the supreme court as he felt his rights were infringed. In 1832 the Supreme court ruled in favor of Worcester. -
Free Black Communities
with the Nation undergoing vast industrial changes, Freed African American slaves carved out entire neighborhoods as there place in American society. The communities were mainly position in northern states such as Philadelphia and new York, although these Blacks were free, they were not protected against racial inequality and injustices. Under the Fugitive slave law, many Blacks in these communities were captured and return to bondage; others, experience racial opposition from northern citizens. -
The Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was a route originally mapped out by fur traders, that later became one of the most populous and frequently used means of traveling to the American Frontier. This 2,000 mile journey took an average, 6 months to 2 years. Starting in Missouri settlers traversed in wagon trains, which carried there belongings and valuable resources. Approximately 15,000 settlers died on the Oregon trail; however, many Americans considered this the very essence of Manifest Destiny. -
Changes in Agriculture
At the earliest stages of America's version of the Industrial Revolution, subtle, yet effective innovation where sprouting up across the country. Such innovation came within the agricultural horizon, with the introduction of the Iron plow.The Iron plow allowed for better and more fertile soil as the Iron plow was far superior to its wooden counterpart. Eli Whitney's construction of the cotton gin, dramatically increased the economic profitability of cotton,which, increased the demand for slaves. -
Changes in Communication
Before the Industrial revolution, a single letter from civilian to civilian could take upwards of 3 months.Samuel Morse revolutionized the entire communication system when he created the telegraph.This invention mad it possible to send a message form California to New York almost instantly. Abraham Lincoln used this new technology against the south during the Civil War to coordinate and regulate union forces and war tactics. Newspapers were also on the rise, as many people read the papers daily. -
Manifest Destiney
A term first coined by journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845, this term quickly became an ideology to many Americans as Manifest destiny was seen as "a right ordained by God" to expand the borders of the United States from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This ideology will be the driving factor behind America's Westward expansion past the Mississippi river, and into California. Wars,
American imperialism and injustices will be the ultimate cost of Manifest Destiny. -
Mexican-American War
As America expanded further and further west, American settlers began encroaching on Mexican land. When Texas opened the flood gate of American settlers to Texas territory it wasn't long before Americans wanted Texas to become a part of the United States. When shots were fired on American troops near the border of Texas and Mexico, War ensued, leading to the subsequent death of thousands of lives. After losing the war, Mexico ceded nearly half of its territory to the United States. -
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Sectionalism
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Women's Suffrage
Up until now, Women had very few right, civil liberties, voice nor representation anywhere other than the Kitchen. All this changed wth the Seneca Falls Convention. This was the first women's rights convention ever, as the women of this convention discussed the civil, religious condition and rights of women. After two days of liberation, these women conjured the "Deceleration of Sentiments" demanding the equal social and legal status for women. -
California Gold Rush
When James Marshall, reported his discovery of gold on his land in California, the news of gold triggered the largest mass migration in American history as 300,000 Americans and immigrants migrated to California to claim there stake of the riches that laid deep in California soil.These new prospectors contributed to California's admission to the Union as a state.Any native american tribe in California were quickly removed. As a result of this Gold Rush, California's rivers and soil were damaged. -
Compromise of 1850
Congress had been in a 4 year gridlock concerning the fate of the new territory acquired by Mexico following the Mexican-American War. Then, Senator Henry Clay proposed a "Great Compromise" which allowed the territories acquired by Mexico to use popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. Also, the Abolishment of slavery in Washington D.C, and a newer, stronger version of the Fugitive Slave law. Lastly, the compromise also arranged the assumption of Texas's debt by the Federal government. -
The Underground Railroad
Arguable the most famous emancipation route that could be taken by slaves seeking refuge in Canada or free states, the Underground Railroad was a systematic route of safe houses and passageways that aided the liberation of slaves. Despite popular belief, the underground railroad's passageways and safehouses were mostly located in the North and a few border states. The "Conductor" Harriet Tubman delivered hundreds of slaves from bondage to freedom, following this route. -
Kansas-Nebraska act
Up until this point, it was written that slavery could not exist above the 36*30 line of latitude. All of this changed when Stephen Douglass and president Franklin pierce drafted this act which gave the territories the ability to decide for themselves if they would permit or prohibit the lawfulness of slavery within there borders. This lead to violence in these territories as both Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery regiments flocked to these territories to decide the fate of slavery in these areas. -
Bleeding Kansas
No federal regimens fought in Kansas; however, this was the first time Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery factions resorted to violence and ballistic terror regarding the issue of slavery Following the "popular sovereignty'' approach to slavery which was erected under the Kansas-Nebraska act, Pro-slavery factions calling themselves the "Border Ruffians" flooded Kansas to "open up the North" to slavery. Despite there efforts, Kansas was admitted as a free state in 1861 -
Dred Scott V. Sanford
One of the most significant Supreme court rulings regarding slavery in America, the Supreme court ruled that African American are not, and will never be citizens. Thus, stripping any and all rights, and protections for citizens African Americans had. Not only did congress rule that African Americans were not citizens, the court also ruled that congress had no power to regulate slavery in the western territories, This ruling not only devastated abolitionists, but slashed the republican platform. -
Lincoln-Douglass Debates
A series of 7 total political debates between Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate for senate and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. Slavery's extension into the western territories was one of the most prominent issues discussed. Stephen Douglass established himself as a supporter of "popular Sovereignty" and ultimately beat Lincoln for the senator seat in congress. Although losing to Douglass in 1858, these debates put Lincoln in the "political spotlight". -
Immigration during the Industrial Revolution
News of America's economic boom had made its way across the world. These stories of America's great success and economic fruity lured in immigrants from Ireland,Scotland,China Europe,German and even British civilians. These people came too America for a host of reason, some sought to make a fortune, others were escaping devastating famine and times of war. These immigrants will help build the Trans-continental railroad, the Erie Canal and many other trademark American infrastructure of the time.
