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Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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476
Dark ages
As the Roman Empire fell in AD 476, the Dark ages/the European Middle Ages arose. Religions such as Christianity, & Islam had conflicts between each other, & a harsh time for most Orthodox Christians.Educational, and cultural wise was lead by the Catholic Church who didn't really view this as Dark ages, but as a good religious era for them known as " The Age of Faith". For others life was difficult and chaotic, since there was no central government, and trading along with communication stopped. -
476
The fall of Rome Empire
The Roman Empire was split into western, and eastern, the first side to fall was the western. They were attacked/invaded by barbarian tribes, also groups like the Goths kept invaded the Western empire. Rome had economic troubles, and as the eastern empire was growing & improving, western government began collapsing, and the military struggled defending all their frontiers from outside attacks. Eventually Barbarians took over the western Rome Empire in 476 C.E., overthrowing Roman empire Romulus. -
1347
The Black Death
This was a disease that caused chaos from 1347-1351,ships arrived Europe in 1347 with people dead or very ill, and rodents started spreading the disease with the flees to humans on land. People usually died 23 days after they got bit, and others that were healthy would try to avoid going outside to the public. During those 23 days people would pray, and try different cures for the disease, but usually didn't work. When the Black Death was over it had killed one-third of the population of Europe. -
1428
Aztec Caste System
A caste system divides a class by categories, and the Aztec caste system has four classes. The Nobles are the highest in the class, which consist of priests, officials, & warriors. Merchants are the next level in the caste system and are craftsmen & traders. Farmers & laborers fall into the social class called commoners, which is second to last. Slaves were the last class, because they didn't have any authority or a say in how to run the society. -
1451
Christopher Columbus
On August 3,1492, Christopher Columbus sailed out from Southern Spain heading west towards Asia, because he believed that the fastest way to get to Asia was going west. Two months after his first voyage he landed in what he believed was Asia, but he was incorrect. Columbus had landed in San Salvador, Bahamas, and had three more voyages, where he brought people from the Old World to "Asia". During his whole life time he believed that he landed in Asia, and eventually died in Spain on May 20,1506. -
Apr 15, 1452
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, and became an polymath of the Renaissance. He was described as the "Renaissance man", because of his art work, designs, studies contributions during this time period, and one famous one that we all know is the Mona Lisa painting. Leonardo was a talented man who was a painter, musician, writer, engineer, and etc.He contributed in invent things such as the tank, parachute, helicopter, and other things . The famous painter died in 1519 at the age of 67. -
1492
Columbian exchange- diseases
The Columbian exchange brought diseases to the New World such as smallpox, mumps, measles, polio, and hepatitis. When it arrived to the New World, Native Americans were never exposed to these diseases, and their weak immune systems couldn't handle it. Smallpox was the major disease that wiped out Native Americans, who were the first to settle in the New World. -
1580
George Calvert
George Calvert was known as the 1st Baron Baltimore and also as Sir George Calvert. He was the English States who was motivated to be founding the province of Maryland in order to be religiously free for practicing Roman Catholics. He later achieved to become a domestic political member of parliament and worked under King James I as Secretary of State. After his death in April 15, 1632 his son took over and tried to continue making Maryland a religious free colony for Catholics. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Colonial America to 1763
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Mayflower Compact
People who traveled on the Mayflower from the Old World to the New World landed in Massachusetts, and wanted to make a compact to keep the colony successful -
Mayflower
In September 1620, 102 passengers went on the Mayflower ship that set sail from Plymouth. The people were hoping to start a new life, and escape from the place they have been living, and others wanted to establish new churches in the New World. Back in the Old World, they weren't able to worship as they liked, or were as free as they wanted. Along with people there were good on the ship like wine and dry goods that could last through the passage towards the other side of Atlantic. -
Navigation Acts
The Dutch were the main ones that were affected of this Acts, because it limited Dutch trade with English colonies. England didn't want the colonies to directly trade with other countries, so they made sure that all trading went by them first allowing England to gain profit off trading . All goods transported on English for colonial American Ships, and colonist were angry about all this so they started smuggling. -
English Bill of Rights
The English Bill of Rights gave a specific constitutional and set out civil rights, and gave the Parliament power over the monarchy. In the bill there are 13 articles that are for specific freedoms, it was signed by William the third and Mary the second. A constitutional monarchy was created because of this, which means the king or queen is in charge but their powers are limited by law. -
Salem Witch Trails
When a minister's daughter started acting strangely in colonial Massachusetts everyone began gaining assumptions of witches. They didn't have no science nor reasoning but only superstition about the whole situation. At the end of this the church leaders made more than 200 accusations, and executed 20 people, because people claimed there possessed and did witchcraft. -
Quakers
Quakers were founded by George Fox in the 17th century is a Christian group of Religious movement, also known as the Religious Society of Friends. Quakers believed that God was present in every person & many of them considered themselves Christians, which some were prisoners or persecuted for being Quakers.They didn't use titles to identify a leader, such as "Your Lordship" nor did they have an official minister or religious rituals. In present day there are still Quaker, and most are in Africa. -
The Enlightenment
People like Sir Issac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, John Locke, Adam Smith were people who helped with these important figures of the Enlightenment. This was a time period were science replaced superstition, and were science & reasoning being brought to the United States. Another thing that was brought was the idea of Deism, in which that God doesn't control people but that he created us, and that evil would be resulted from ignorance. -
Northern Slavery
Unlike the South, the North generally disliked slavery, and weren't vital. They wanted to help slaves the most they could so they created free slave communities. Field hands, domestic servants, and metal workers were the type of workers/positions they had in the north. Some people did own slaves, and southern slaves would try to escape being slaves by heading towards the North. -
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The Constitution
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George Whitfield
George Whitefield played a major role in the Great Awakening, where he motivated people, and influenced others. After the Enlightenment people were afraid of going into a religion, but Whitefield gave ordinary people a voice, a say in what they wanted. Not only they he give them a say, but he also preached gospel to people, and became known as one the most famous religious figures. At times some people offended by his words, but the majority were influenced by him, and he left a major impact. -
The Great Awakening
From the results of the Enlightenment and secularism, the Great Awakening was the reaction of all of this from the separation of government, and a church that was highly influenced by John Edwards. After the enlightenment some people were afraid to get into a religion, so Whitfield started influencing people by preaching gospel and giving people a voice. This movement happened in the late 1730s and 1740s that left a huge impact on people, and their views on religions. -
Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry was a former governor of Virginia, and was born on May 29, 1736. He was also and attorney, planter, but became most famous for his saying "Give me liberty, or give me death!" in the Second Virginia Convention. Henry was the first to warn everyone from upcoming conflict, and later on problems starting occurring with the militias, armies, police force, and the way they defend themselves. -
Alexander Hamilton
As a federalist Hamilton wanted a strong central government along with John Jay, & James Madison. He was basically the leader of the Federalist party, & also a founding founding father. For the constitution he wanted a loose interpretation, & a living document. He played a major part in ratifying the constitution, but didn't really write on the constitution. In the 1800 presidential election, Burr, & Jefferson did a duel since they hated each other, and Hamilton got injured & died the next day. -
French and Indian War
This war was also known as the 7 years war, where England, France, and Spain fought for territory. Britain was fighting for more western land while France desired more land South, and this started with George Washington. This was a World-wide conflict that really was the first real World War. Fort-William Henry was the turning point in this war, while British & colonist resolved a way to win. Quebec falls in 1759, and Montreal was captured in 1760, and The Treaty of Paris is what ended the war. -
Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris document is what officially ended the French & Indian war . Britain signs this treaty frontier tribes, and also takes control of New France (Canada). France had gave up its territories,and ended any military threat to British colonies -
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The Revolutionary War
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Sugar Act
Revenue Act is another named for the this, but this was a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses in 1733. The government got to search private property without a warrant, and this furious colonist. Colonist started resisting this act, but it wasn't until a year later when it got repealed. People signed petitions, and their voiced displeasure against this act, in which Britain had placed -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson born on March 15, 1767 was the 7th president of the United States. He was named " Old Hickory ", "Common Men" "King Mob", and " The Hero of New Orleans". There was an era dedicated to Jackson for his 8 whole years of being president. Jackson hated Indians, and as president removed them, but also was the "People's president". He also defunds the Second Bank of the United states, and was the first president that had "Mandate". He later died in 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was the first of many to come of American Propaganda. A crowd of Bostonians were harassing British Soldiers by throwing sticks, and snowballs, and eventually they got mad, and stared firing towards the crowd. Many people consider this is as the first battle of the Revolutionary War, because of the conflict, and the end result of five colonist dying. Colonist became more angered leading up to independence from Britain. -
Boston Tea Party
A group of Bostonians went to a bar, and got drunk one night, and they decided to dress up as Indians. Colonist were charged for taxes on tea by Britain, and again were upset so they wanted to protest by getting on ships in the Boston Harbor. The Bostonians dumped 342 crates of tea that the British already paid for into the Boston Harbor making British angry. The Intolerable Acts, or known as the Boston Port Act was placed for the actions of the colonist. -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet to encourage common people in the colonies to be motivated to fight for independence.The pamphlet was 47 pages, and sold around 500,00 copies along the colonies, because of how popular it had became & the low price. This attacked the monarchy and showed motivation for a democrat representative government, but British refused to give them independence, and the type of government that they wanted. -
Declaration of Independence
Independence from British was important for the colonist, and this document let them declare independence from British. Thomas Jefferson wrote the draft of it, and was completed on July 2nd, but wasn't signed until the 4th. This showed grievances against British, avoided anti-monarchical sentiment, looked for European allies, and loyalist were ostracized. Some that were loyal to Britain will flee from the colonies, and other will continue to celebrate the independence every year on July 4th. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first document to set rules in how the government would be ruled for the colonies & colonist. This laid out a loose friendship of independent states, where states could make their own money, their own laws, and punish people how they wanted to, basically got to choose how to rule each state. There was no central authority, and there was no military action or diplomacy existing. -
Battle of Saratoga
In the American Revolution, the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the war, because it was a MAJOR American victory. This victory showed the French that the colonist could win the war. Americans started receiving support from French, and they even committed troops & the navy. -
Martin Van Buren
Our 8th president was Martin Van Buren, who was a founder of the Democratic party, and before his presidency served as a Governor in New York. The word "Ok" comes from him, because people would call him " Old Kinderhook", and they took the first two letters to spell "Ok". He ran again for president in the election of 1840, but unfortunately lost to General Will Henry Harrison, and he died in 1862. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
This treaty officially ends the Revolutionary War signed by King George III & representatives of the united states, & everyone recognize the United States as an independent & sovereign nation. Not only did it establish peace with Great Britain, but also allied nations like France, Spain & the Netherlands. Also establishes the norther border with the British North America/Canada, & restores loyalist properties. They both agree on having access to the Mississippi River, which benefited them both. -
Shay's Rebellion
Farms were seized by the government, and of course this angered farmers. The farmers began protesting against the economy & civil rights. This protest tested if the Constitution worked, and George Washington had to solve this problem peacefully. The rebellion was put down/forced to, and proved to everyone that the articles of confederation was going to survive. -
Anti-federalist Papers
These papers were written by Founding Fathers who opposed federalist & the ratification of the Constitution & supported a less strict government. -
Virginia Plan
Colonist had two plans for reform; the Virginia Plan, and the New Jersey plan. The Virginia plan was supported by larger states who wanted two house legislature that would have a lower house, and Upper house. They didn't want the Articles of Confederation, and wanted representation based on population, because of their size. Lastly, they wanted a single executive (one president), and wanted equal power using checks & balances. -
New Jersey Plan
Along with Virginia Plan these were reforms, and the New Jersey plan was supported by smaller states unlike the Virginia Plan. They want to modify the Articles of Confederation, and a single legislature only. The congress would choose the executive, wanted less powerful Judiciary, and wanted legislature to be supreme law of land. -
Northwest Ordinance
Now that the colonies were independent they needed a new system for states admission to the Union. To become a state they must have 60,000 people in the territory, they were given the choice to decide if they wanted slavery or not. This new system had governs, and legislatures helping running this, and also listed a bill of rights that were guaranteed in the territory. -
Election of 1788
The election of 1788 was the first election held in the U.S with Washington winning as president. This election was easy because everyone saw Washington good & a strong leader. John Adams won 2nd place and became the Vice President. This election was held based on the constitution, Washington was greatly influenced by Alexander Hamilton who wanted a strong central government and played a big role in Washington's presidency. -
Georgia penal colony
Georgia penal colony was named for King George II who ruled British. They used this state for prisoners, and for people who couldn't afford things so where considered poor. Debtors were also sent here into what they called "Pure" environment. Enlightened ideals were here, and was a buffer colony, basically a state where poor or people did wrongdoings will go. -
Executive branch
When they created the branches of the government, the executive branch is for the president of the country.. One single man would be elected by the people by voting. They created the electoral college system that was meant for the elite, and the legislature got to decide who was on the electoral college. They could only run for a 4-year term, and there were no limits on re-election. -
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New Republic
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion affected Pennsylvania, and Kentucky farms, because a tax was put into place. Whiskey was economically important, and the government took 25% of their profits. Farms were revolt, and 6,000 people threaten to attack Pittsburgh, and George Washington as president had to solve the problem. Washington lead the army, and the people never actually did anything, just proved that constitution could work. This rebellion was the first major domestic test of the Constitution. -
Bank of the United States
Alexander Hamilton who was basically the leader of the Federalist, and had a strong influence over George Washington. Hamilton wanted the Bank of the United States so people could make depository, make loans, stabilize currency & the economy, and have private investors. Colonist debated if the bank sets off constitutionality issues, debating if it was constitutional, & if it would make the government have too much authority. The bank was establish by Washington, but didn't work as they planned. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights, are the fist 10 amendments in the constitution that give people rights. The Bill of Rights are: Freedom of Speech, Right to bear arms, No quartering of Soldiers, protection from unreasonable searches & seizures, right to due process of law, right to a speedy trail, right of trail by jury, freedom from unusual punishments, other rights to people, and powers reserved to the state. Nobody can take citizens freedoms, and they have the Bill of Rights to protect themselves. -
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin that made it easy to remove seeds from cotton, and it revolutionized cotton agriculture. Cotton production was exploded, because cotton was increasing now. While slavery was declining, it made a comeback, and increased slavery even more ,because they needed people working on the machines to get the cotton. -
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Santa Anna was a Mexican politician and a general who lead the army during the Mexican-American War. He was elected president in 1833, and attained his presidency for eleven times. He became popular, and known for his efforts & actions while Spain tried to regain control in Mexico. Santa Anna later turned into a dictatorship, and tried to increased central government. He was sought to exile later in life, and died in 1876 in poverty. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
The United States were receiving war threats, because of the XYZ Affair so they had to increase their military. The Alien Act made it difficult for colonist to become a citizen, and were deporting citizen back to Britain. While the Sedition Act made it where people could't say nothing bad against the U.S or the president, because it was now a crime. The federalist used this law against the Republicans, since they didn't like the government. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening picked up around 1820 and emphasized religious romanticism which meant religion was made seem as something great.This movement brought on the supernatural and more emotion, while also rejecting secularism and deism.With this movement came prisons where the prisoners would be isolated and was made for the prisoners to think about their actions, with a main one being the Eastern State Penitentiary.Education also became important with compulsory attendance. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a belief that God destined the United States to expand coast to coast going west. Fur trade increased making huge profits, and American will have domination by 180's. People hunt beavers to almost extinction, and trappers, which would go on expedition bring info about the western lands disappeared by 1840's. Jackson believed in Native Americans extinction, and wanted to spread democracy, and capitalism across the nation. -
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The age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon made a deal with Jefferson to buy Louisiana for fifth-teen million dollars, which would be less than three cents an acre. Jefferson was afraid that Napoleon would back our, because of how CHEAP the land was. Gaining this land double the size of the United States, and secures the Mississippi River. This starts leading to Westward Expansion, and also Manifest Destiny, making them want to conquer more land west. -
12th Amendment
This amendment requires separate ballots for Vice President, and for president, because it ensures that the president is paired with his running mate after the election. This amendment also ensures that the Vice president, and president won't be from different parties, affecting how the country could be run.. -
War of 1812
The United States declared war on Britain, because of the issues: British economic blockade of France, British support of hostile Indian tribes, and the neutral American seamen forced into British navy. The U.S decides to burn Toronto, which is Canada capital, and they take on land-based strategies. Britain decides to burn the white house for revenge, and battles follow along until 1817. They agreed to jointly occupy Oregon Territory, U.S & Britain limit weapons, and the 49th parallel. -
Changes In Transportation
Before the American Industrial revolution people had to figure out how to get one place to another with their feet or wagons, and didn't have modern roads.. Modern roads were built that kept a stable track/route for people to use. Railroads, which were the cheapest transportation helped moved people and goods around the country. Canals were formed like the Erie Canal is 3,000 miles long and goes all the to NYC. Lastly, steamboats were invented that helped transport goods up * down the river, -
Changes in Agriculture
New inventions were made that improved agricultural, and made it easier. The iron plow by John Deere was used to turn and break up soil, and also helped control weeds.Crank churns was a machine that was most commonly used to butter churn. While the cotton gin was a famous invention that mostly affected the south, and increased clothes, and slavery. These inventions improved agricultural greatly, and placed a great impact in the American Industrial Revolution. -
Changes in Communication
Before people would receive news, and didn't have a way to communicate to people. Samuel Moorse invented the telegraph, in which people received news faster and had a way to communicate to people that weren't nearby. He also invented Moorse code that helped people communicate using the telegraph. This was the beginning of advertisements thanks to the invention of the printer. Printers made it cheaper to print, buy things, and newspaper were later used -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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McCulloch V. Maryland
This case was a major case in the Supreme Court, it made a landmark. The congress implied powers, and states couldn't take place of federal government, and South led to more radial view of states rights. Maryland tried being part of the federal by placing a tax on the bank for 15,000 dollars a year, and McCulloch refused to. The end result was not Maryland couldn't tax it, because it was a federal say not a state say. -
Panic of 1819
This was an economic boom after the war, and not in a good way. The second bank of the United Sates came along, agriculture prices collapsed in 1819. The Bank failed, and the economy went into tailspin, and this became known as one of the worst depression in the United State History. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The United States wanted Florida from Spain, and Spain Cedes (Let U.S. have Florida). This was also called the Transcontinental Treaty, and settled boundaries between Spain, and the U.S.. The boundary line began at the mouth of the Sabine River, and the line went in a northwest angle until it got to 42 degrees north latitude. Anything east & north of the line went to the United States, and anything west & South went to Spain. The U.S paid $5 million to Spain, because of claims against Spain. -
Missouri Compromise
People would fight over which states would be free, and slave states. The Missouri Compromise places a balance between slave, and free states. This drew an imaginary line at 36 degree 30 degree latitude,and every state above the line would be free. Below the line would be slave states, and this was just a temporary solution. They needed slavery to be dealt with, and was a guarantee future conflict. -
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Cultural Changes
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American System
During the American System Adams was president, and created a new national bank, industry, tariffs, internal improvement, and nation universities/observatories. People were out of touch, many gaffes and were unaware of popular democracy. Merit was put in placed, where you were based on your qualification/knowledge, and Jackson started getting prepared for the next campaign. Any change Jackson could he would do attacks on John Adams. -
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1828
In this election Jackson tries his new strategy by humbling his origins, and using his military career. John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson were in the election again. In this election the modern democratic party starts and begin a second party system. There were a lot of personal attacks in this election like attacking Jackson's wife, because she was still married, and attacked each other of being womanizers. Jackson won overwhelmingly, was first elected by common man. -
Temperance Movement
Temperance can be defined as the idea of abstinence from alcohol, meaning no alcohol is greater than the relief alcohol offers. This idea was brought because of the huge consumption of alcohol where many people would be drinking all day, which also led to drunks being aggressive. The idea that idea that no alcohol improved society led to some states banning alcohol. Temperance was particularly supported by women, since men were usually the drinkers -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad is the term given to safe houses provided to runaway slaves who were escaping the South. This mainly took place in the North and was partly caused by the Fugitive Slave Act. The underground railroad were supported by abolitionists. An important person for this movement was Harriet Tubman who helped about 5,000 slaves escape in 19 trips. Through the Underground Railroad about 100,000 slaves were freed between 1830-1860 -
Mormons
The Mormons were a millennialism religion who were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Mormons migrated across the United States from the Midwest to Salt Lake Valley, this was done with the purpose to get religious freedom. This religion was founded by Joseph Smith in Fayette, New York. An important Mormon was William Miller who was a preacher credited for the religious movement known as the Millerites. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
This was one of the slave rebellions that were used, and northerners viewed this as heroic. Nat Turner lead 70 slaves in Southampton County, Virginia. Rebel slaves killed at least 51 white people. The end results of it outlawed slaves preaching, limited access to firearms, southern states strengthen militias, and assaults on white now capital offense. -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was caused by congress raising taxes and later imposing the Tariff Act of 1832. These taxes greatly affect Southern agriculture but mainly South Carolina. John Calhoun, who was Vice-President at the time advocated nullifying the law, which later caused him to resign because he was conflicted over the issue. The crisis later caused the S.C. Convention which ended the crisis by Henry Clay reaching a deal where congress would scale back tariffs. -
Siege of Bexar
This battle was apart of the Mexican-American war known as the Alamo. It was a thirteen day siege, where Santa Anna was the leader over Mexican troops and marched them to what now is San Antonio. Americans were fighting for Texan independence from Mexico, but this battle was a Mexican victory. This was an important battle that people remembered, and would say "Remember the Alamo!" as a battle cry in a desperate fight. -
Lowell Mills
In the 1840's factories started expanding, and the Lowell Mills was named after the city of Lowell, Massachusetts that farmed girls, and young women to go work at the textile factory. They were provided with educational & cultural opportunities. Long hours were worked under harsh working conditions,and no safety was ever placed, people would get damaged and lose body parts. -
Yeoman Farmers
There were different types of classes, and Yeoman Farmer were in the middle class. Some relied on planters, while other resented them. Seventy-five percent of them did not own slaves, while the rest did own slaves. They formed Southern Militias that caught runaway slaves, and also guarded against slave rebellion. -
Tenant Farmers
Thirty percent - fifty percent of people were tenant farmers. People were forced into tenant farming, because small farmers didn't own land so there were forced into it making it a higher percentage of people working this.This was a system of agriculture, and nearby farmers raised livestock, or crops on rented lands. There were two different agricultural systems that combined together in the South during reconstruction, tenant farmers being one. -
Suffrage
Industrialization changed the way families were because women would work in cities.This led to women having political opinions and wanting to vote, with opinions such as being anti-slavery, anti-Indian removal, and temperance.During this time an important event was the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 where Elizabeth Stanton and Lucrema Mott along with 300 men and women met with the result of the Declaration of Sentiments which demanded equal rights for women including voting. -
Election of 1840
For the Election of 1840 Martin Van Buren tried to run for second term but was beat by William Henry Harrison who was a Whig. Harrison appealed to the common man by using Jackson's tactics. This election was particularly dirty with Whigs spreading rumors about Buren being a pervert which then got women to influence their husbands to vote for Buren. Harrison won the election fairly easily but he is only president for a month because he died and John Tyler (VP) became president -
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Westward Expansion
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Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was made with the purpose to ban slavery from all territories acquired from Mexico and was caused by the Mexican-American War. This proviso created a firestorm by splitting the Democrats and Whigs into either pro-slavery or anti-slavery and brought on many conflicts dealing with slavery, with the majority of the North being for it and the majority of the South against it. This led to the Wilmot Proviso being defeated in congress. -
Mexican-American War
The Untied States wanted manifest destiny going westward, and Texas claimed Texas. They wanted to make Texas a slavery state, but Mexico didn't support slavery. So they fought for years on the land of Texas, Mexico's norther lands. At the end Mexico ceded to the United States giving them all the territory for 15 million dollars,and signed the Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo. -
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Sectionalism
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. This treaty had many important results. One of the results was that the treaty seized over half of Mexico's territory. The treaty also settle the border dispute with Mexico. But this treaty didn't deal with the threatening issue of slavery in new territories, this left room for many slavery problems to come with many already knowing there would be slavery in the new territories. -
California Gold Rush
In 1848 a man named James W. Marshall had found a piece of gold in his land. The word spread across the whole World making an increase in population, and leading California into the nation as a free state later on. About 300,000 people came to California looking for gold, including Europeans, Chinese, and Australians. 1849 was a very important year for California, because of all the gold, so important that they named a football team there '49ers". -
Fugitive Slave Act
This was for slaves who have escaped from one state to another to be returned to its owners/masters. Whites were jailed or fined for refusing to help, and fugitive had no right to trail. This was one of the reason that led to the Civil war, because of the disagreement about slavery. This act was later repealed in 1864. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was first introduced by Henry Clay but was later added to, the final one had 5 separate bills. In the Compromise of 1850 it stated that California would enter as a free state, New Mexico and Utah would decide if they would be a free or slave state. The compromise also included that Texas would relinquish disputed Western lands and the Federal government would absorb its debt. The slave trade in D.C. was also banned along with the Fugitive Slave Act being imposed. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In this act southerns were afraid of two new free states, and southerns wanted to abolish Missouri Compromise. They wanted the transcontinental railroad to run through the South and in the North. Stephen Douglas, and Franklin Pierce were important people in this act. The 36 degree, 30 degree latitude line was repealed, and popular sovereignty started coming in place. The end result of this was that Kansas would be a slave state, while Nebraska would be free. -
Trent affair
Confederates send diplomats to Europe, and USS San Jancito intercepts RMS Trent. Britain demands an apology for all of this, and Lincoln releases confederate diplomats. At the end of this Lincoln secures British, and France neutrality. -
The South
The South had very few small industrialized areas which were large cities but were only a fraction of the South's economy. In the South cotton was "king" with being responsible for most of the South's economy, although rice, sugar, and tobacco were still important. The South was largely dependent on slavery with 4 million working slaves and believed slavery was just an institution. The major advantage the South had over the North was its great leaders. -
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The Civil War
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Fort Sumter
Lincoln had told South Carolina of ships resupplying for, and south needed a show of fore. They needed to attack before ships arrive and union garrison ordered to surrender. Garrison surrenders and Lincoln declared South in a state of insurrection. 75,000 men called to put down this rebellion in South Carolina. -
Grant's Western Campaign
Grant's Western Campaign include the Battle of Vicksburg and the Battle of Chattanooga. The Battle of Vicksburg was won which cut the South in two which also gave the union control of the Mississippi River. This led to the capturing of New Orleans which deprived the South of its greatest ally and its finance. After this battle the confederacy became weaker and had problems with the amount of soldiers they had. The Civil War then began winding down. -
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Reconstruction Era
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Conscription Act
The conscription act was basically a draft to get men in for the Civil War. Ages from eighteen to thirty-five were eligible to be drafted in the war. Whites that had enough money bought their way out, or paid someone else to do it for them. While the poor had to fight, and risk their lives in the war. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the Civil War. This battle was a three day battle on the third day General Lee was forced to retreat since he had lost 1/3 of his force. This battle was the bloodiest battle in American history. Later in 1863, Lincoln gave his most famous speech and changed the purpose of the battle to end slavery instead of to remain a union. -
Wade-Davis Bill
Wade-Davis Bill punished Confederate leaders, oath declaring they never aided the Confederacy, and officers were stripped of citizenship. Fifty percent of states' white males had to re-admitted after long punishments, and take an oath for loyalty to clear commitment to Union. Radical Republican were punishing the South, making everything worst. All of this destroyed slave society, and states began to be required to give blacks the right to vote. -
40 Acres and a Mule
General William T. Sherman issued the Field Order No. 15 for enslaved black slaves that were suffering from economic problems. Some planters abandoned land, and the Union forces took the land. This allowed to own or rent land to farm, and gave people land as independence/freedom, and entitled to a mule. Eventually the land was given back to the original owners of the properties. -
Freemen's Bureau
Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3rd,1865, and it was also known as the Bureau of Refugees. This was established to benefit poor whites and former black slaves after the Civil War in the South. They were provided with education, medical aid, housing, food, and were also offered legal assistance. The government strove to give abandoned land to the people, but it wasn't guarantee. Unfortunately, the government didn't have enough funds, and couldn't fully carry out the Bureau. -
The Lost Cause
Since Southerns lost the war they needed a way to justify it, they thought as if they were virtuous, and brave.They said they had unfair advantages such as weapons, population and industrialization. They engaged in propaganda that still last until this day, and even made songs & poems about their "Brave" soldiers. They basically tried to re-write history and say that the war was about states' rights not slavery. Also justified to themselves oppression of blacks & "Victims" of Yankee aggression. -
Sharecopping
In the 1870's sharecropping started coming in place in the South since their economy was based on agriculture, and only 6 percent was based on national industrial outputs. Cotton was very abundant was overproduce so prices fell due to that. Many were forced to quit their regular jobs, and become tenant farmers, but were paid went by giving their owner one-third to half of the harvest. Seventy percent of people lived this way the early 1900's. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow is known as the social and legal system of segregation across the South.Under Jim Crow,segregation increased along with violence of white resistance. Jim Crow included disenfranchisement which was sometimes violent.Voting disenfranchisement included three things to stop blacks from voting.This included poll taxes, which most blacks couldn't pay, along with literacy tests,and the last one is the grandfather clause, under which only those whose grandparents voted before 1867 could vote. -
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 is where Rutherford Hayes, a republican agreed to end reconstruction. This was the beginning of total suppression for Southern blacks, and the removal of federal troops from the South. Before this was the election 1876 were all the popular votes went to Samuel Tilden, and the electoral vote was unclear, but in this compromise the congress have Hayes all the electoral votes making him president.
