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1800 BCE
The Maya
The Maya civilization was located in the tropical lowlands of what is present day Guatemala.The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics. They also left behind an impressive amount of architecture and symbolic artwork. Unfortunately most of the stone cities of the Maya were abandoned by A.D 900. -
1600 BCE
The Olmecs
The Olmec civilization flourished roughly between 1600 BCE and 350 BCE, The Olmecs were the first great Mesoamerican culture. Sites containing traces of the Olmec civilization are found mainly on the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, specifically in the states of Veracruz and Tabasco. The name Olmec is an Aztec word meaning the rubber people; the Olmec made and traded rubber throughout Mesoamerica. -
1345 BCE
Aztecs
The Aztec Empire flourished between c. 1345 and 1521 CE. The aztecs were highly accomplished in agriculture and trade, the last of the great Mesoamerican civilizations was also noted for its art and architecture which ranks amongst the finest ever produced on the continent. The Aztecs were a very religious civilization, they were very polytheistic. The Aztecs believed that the moon and the sun were Gods. -
Period: 1300 BCE to 1490
Beginnings To Exploration
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100
The Pueblo/Anasazi People
The ancient pueblo culture was a prehistoric Native civilization, located around present day Four Corners of the Southwest United States. The earliest Ancient Pueblo people were nomadic hunters and gatherers. The pueblo people held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that is shown in their form of architecture. -
1095
The Crusades
The Crusades were mostly religious massacres between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. The crusades were relatively unsuccessful. This event brings back knowledge, military, and trade also flourish.In addition to the religious wars, and new developments, The Jews were targets because of money. -
1347
The Black Death
The Black death was a plague that came to Europe, it transformed society. Approximately 40-50% of Europe died. The plague traveled through trade (rats/flies traveled in cargo ships). In addition The Black Death also allowed for the merchant society to form. This take feudalism away. -
1452
The Renaissance (Leonardo DaVinici)
Leonardo is best known for his artwork, but he was also an inventor, architect, and a student dedicated to science. Today he remains best known for his art, including two paintings that remain among the world’s most famous and admired, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. -
1500
The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was a series of routes which slave ships used to transport slaves from West Africa to the Americas.There were about 11 million slaves transported on the Middle Passage, 9.6 million of the slaves that were transported ended up in the Americas.Slaves died in a large number across the Middle Passage. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Colonial America to 1763
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Indentured Servitude
Indentured Servants were bound to their employers in exchange for a free passage to the new world. These indentured servants consisted of men and women that signed a contract agreeing to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia. A new life in the new world gave people hope, the were driven by the greater opportunities that the new world has to offer. In fact one-half to two-thirds of immigrants arrived in the colonies as indentured servants. -
Plymouth Colony
The Plymouth Colony, was Americas first permanent Puritan settlement. The Pilgrims left England to seek religious freedom, or simply to find a better life. They sailed on the Mayflower, the trip took 65 days at sea. Settlers were suffered from illnesses and harsh climate. They encountered a Native that and his tribe and they helped the colonists greatly, the soon signed a treaty.The Pilgrims invited the Indians to celebrate their first harvest in 1621, an event now celebrated as Thanksgiving -
Royal Colonies
The royal colonies were under direct English control. The Royal colonies consisted of Georgia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. And also Massachusetts which was a royal province operating under a charter. The British Parliament appointed a governor and council, but the colonists were in charge of electing an assembly(the lower house). -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade established the New World's international economy. Colonists were able to export raw materials to Europe, while receiving slaves and manufactured goods from Europe. -
Navigation Act
The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect (taxes) in the Colonies.The Purpose of the Navigation Acts was to encourage British shipping and allow Great Britain to retain the monopoly of British colonial trade for the benefit of British merchants -
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was married William Hutchinson and was a midwife,she resided in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Anne Hutchinson was a puritan women that spread her own interpretations of the Bible. As Anne Hutchinson’s following grew, the magistrates determined she was dangerous to the community.She was personally interrogated by Winthrop, who claimed that she had defamed the ministers by questioning their Bible teaching. Later she was banished from the colony. -
Charter Colonies
The charter colonies were Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Britain granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. These colonies had more freedom from Britain. The charter colonies were self governed, but the governors were elected and approrved by the King. -
Act of Union (1707)
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain -
Steam Power Engine
Thomas Newcomen built the first steam engine by 1712, James Watt and Matthew Boulton improved on it in 1770's so steam could be adopted by more industries. The steam engine was about power, economical and mechanical power as well as power to structure society. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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The Yeoman Farmers
Yeoman Farmers were small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.Most southerners were in the Middle Class and were considered yeoman farmers, holding only a few acres and living in modest homes and cabins, raising hogs and chickens, and growing corn and cotton. -
The Great Awakening
The the Awakening led Americans to break with religious traditions and seek out their own beliefs while sharing common values. The Great Awakening was a movement that altered religious beliefs, practices and relationships in the American colonies. It was parallel to the Enlightenment both in its values and its time frame. -
Seven Years War/ French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was a war between Great Britain, Prussia, and Portugal against France, Austria, Spain, and Russia. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. -
Treaty of Paris-1763
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi. -
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The Revolutionary War 1763-1783
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The Revenue/Sugar Act
Parliament imposed new regulations and taxes on the colonists to pay for the debt they had after the French and Indian War. The first was the Sugar Act of 1764.The first parliamentary act bent on turning a revenue in the colonies. This law cut the tariff on Molasses in half, and levied new taxes on imports of foreign textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, and most importantly sugar. -
Townshend Act
The Townshend act was passed on June of 1767. Taxed lead, glass, paper, tea, and paint. Parliament knew that collecting and enforcing the taxes would be difficult, so they hired royal customs commissioners to do that.Because of the townshend acts they boycotted many British goods such as jewelry, coaches, clothes, watches, and other things -
Boston Massacre
It was the first conflict between British soldiers and colonists where colonists were killed by the soldiers. It made the anger between the two groups of people get worse. It made the colonists work harder and become more determined to win freedom from Britain. Fights broke out in Boston. The colonists became even more angry and determined to be free from British rule. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
In November 1775, Virginia's royal governor offered to free any slaves and indentured servants who would leave their patriot masters to join the British forces; hoped to augment the British army and disrupt the economy; about 1000 slaves rallied to accept his offer. -
Salutary Neglect
Salutary Neglect consisted of Britain basically not interfering with the way the colonies governed themselves.This term regarding the English colonies; idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, as long as they remained loyal to England Overtime, colonist grew accustomed to making their own rules. Economically, colonies violate Acts produce finished goods and are flourishing monetarily -
Olive Branch Petition
During the 1770's, the second continental congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III requesting to settle their differences peacefully without going to war. King George III rejects the petition outright. He claims the colonies are in open rebellion and if they continue in there rebellion they will all be put to death as traitors. The significance is that this is the point of no return and what seals the fate of the colonies. -
Battle of Bunker Hill
The first important battle of the Revolutionary war, the British had their worst casualties during this war, but still to control of the hill.
British won but many people died. Colonists lost but more people wanted to be in the Army now. Gave the colonists more courage to stand up to Britain. -
The battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. -
Articles Of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage -
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New Republic
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The Enlightenment (Benjamin Franklin)
Benjamin Franklin was born on January 6th, 1706. He was one of the founding fathers of the United Sates.Being one of the founding fathers, Franklin was not only responsible for many common tool we use today such as the bifocals but was diplomat, scientist, and a political theorist. -
Shay's Rebellion
The shay's rebellion took place in Massachusetts and it caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes -
North West Ordinance
This law was passed by Confederation Congress in 1787.It laid down the rules by which territories would be settled and the procedures by which territories could become states.Initially people living in a territory would not have many political rights, and the government officials in the territory would be appointed,not elected. As the population of the territory grew, the inhabitants would be allowed the right to elect their local legislature. -
Anti-Federalists
The Anti-Federalists opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry. -
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The Constitution
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The Constitutional Convention
The constitutional Convention was a meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution. people at the Constitutional Convention who helped create the Constitution. They were also known as the delegates or founding fathers.One of the founders who called the Constitutional Convention and wrote the Virginia plan. -
The Three Branches
The three Branches of government are the Legislative, Judicial, Executive. Each branch of government "checks" on the other 2; separation of powers. Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law -
The Election of 1788
In the first Presidential Election, George Washington won unanimously in the Electoral College and John Adams was elected VP. George Washington was a Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. -
Federalists
The Federalists were supporters of the constitution during the debate over its ratification; favored a strong national government. They Supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution; included Alexander Hamilton. -
The Second Great Awakening
A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. -
The Whiskey Rebellion
George Washington made new taxes to help pay off war debt. Farmers who grew grain to make whiskey were angry because they couldn't afford it. As a result they rebelled-Hamilton wants govt. to look strong so the government stopped the rebellion.Washington proved that the federal government could make people obey law. -
The Bank Of The United States
Hamilton created the bank of the united states, taking the model of the Bank of England. He proposed a powerful private institution, of which the government would be the major stockholder and in which the federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies. -
Bill Of Rights
"The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason, strongly influenced Madison. -
The Cotton Gin
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented a simple machine that influenced the history of the United States. He invented a cotton gin that was popular in the South. The South became the cotton producing part of the country because Whitney’s cotton gin was able to successfully pull out the seeds from the cotton bolls.The cotton gin was a very simple invention. -
Jay's Treaty
Jay's Treaty was created by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley. -
The Election of 1796
The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P.John Adams defeats Jefferson for the Presidency; is convinced that Hamilton is the greatest hypocrite -
XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was an incident in which french agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from US diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships. It led to an undeclared Naval War between the two countries. -
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The Age Of Jefferson
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Hamilton Vs. Burr
On July 11th, 1804, they began to insult each other in public. Burr challenges Hamilton and they fight at the Heights of Weehawken, NJ Hamilton chooses Wogdon and Barton pistols.Hamilton fires first and misses, Burr hits Hamilton in lower abdomen above right hip dies next day on July 12, 1804. Burr will go on to be tried for treason -
The Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812. -
The Madison Presidency
Jefferson voluntarily retired after his 2nd term (George Washington Precedent) Secretary of State James Madison is elected. Madison used diplomacy and economic pressure to try to deal with the Napoleonic wars; Macon's Bill no. 2.Macon's Bill No.2 consisted of an attempt to open trade, the US asked Britain and France to recognize US neutrality; US prohibits trade who did not recognize neutrality. -
The Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was a route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory.A trail that helped people move to the west -
The War of 1812
The war of 1812 was a war fought between the United States and Great Britain. There were many causes that led to the War of 1812 such as Great Britain and France were taking US ships which was interfering with US trade. In addition The US made a deal with France that if they would stop taking their ships then they would stop trading with Britain. -
Fort McHenry
Fort McHenry was a fort which defended harbor in Baltimore, American beat off British Warship attack - battle was inspiration for National Anthem, War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner. -
Impressment
Impressment was a british practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812. For an example the british ship Leopard fired on the US ship Chesapeake, killing 3 and seized 4 others -
The 2nd Bank Of The United States
A national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819 -
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Age of Jackson
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Cultural Changes
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The Temperance Movement
The Temperance Reform was reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. -
Millennialism
Millennialism was much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur (didn't happen-Millerites will become Seventh Day Adventists) -
The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was the policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine was articled in president James Monroe's seventh annual message to congress on December 2 1823. -
The Election of 1824
In 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President after the election when the House of Representative chose the winner. The Democratic-Republican party splintered as 4 separate candidates sought the presidency. The election was the only time since the 12th Amendment was passed that an election was decided by the House. -
The Iron Plow
Jethro Wood invented the iron plow. In 1825, Jethro Wood began to manufacture an iron plow with replaceable parts
John Deere then made a lightweight steel plow
steel plows allowed horses to plow through a field quicker. -
The Mormons
The Mormon church was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to Utah. Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, a religious movement beginning with the visions of Joseph Smith in upstate New York. -
Greek Revival
The Greek Revival was inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular. It was consequently referred to as the “national style” due to its popularity. Further west, simplified versions of the style have been dubbed as the “Territorial style” in early Western towns, such as Santa Fe, NM or Tombstone, AZ. -
The Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson wins. One of the dirtiest campaigns in American history. It was a very mean election involving lots of mudslinging and showed how mean and bad they would say things to win.Henry Clay dropped out of the election, and he got his followers to vote for John Quincy Adams. When John Q. Adams was elected, he made Clay Secretary of State, and it caused a big scandal. Because of this, John Quincy Adams will lose the Election of 1828. -
Death Of Jackson's Wife
President Jackson's wife, of over four decades, died on December 22, 1828. The cause of her death was an apparent heart-attack. His wife didn't want to be in the White House. Jackson's wife died of heart attack and later goes after Clay because he thinks that he is responsible for the mudslinging which caused his wife's death. -
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
The church of jesus christ of latter day saints was formed by Joseph Smith in 1830 and led to Utah by Brigham Young after Joseph Smiths death. Joseph Smith - formed the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints in 1830, deciphered the book of mormon from some golden plates given to him by an angel. Assassinated in 1844. -
The Underground Railroad
It was a network of houses and buildings that were used to help slaves escape from the South to freedom in the Northern states or Canada.The Underground Railroad began operating in earnest in the 1830s in Rochester and vicinity. Both black and white people managed the railroad, as well as people of different denominations. The Quakers Isaac and Amy Post probably helped the greatest number of runaway slaves, followed by Presbyterians Samuel D. Porter and his sister Maria. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat turner rebelled against whites in the south, he sought out to free slaves and over power whites. Slaves wanted freedom; Nat Turner saw a "vision" and attacked whites in Southampton County, VA;Turner, 70 slaves, & 55 whites killed; Turner was eventually caught and lynched. He was executed & hundreds of slaves were punished; This Frightened South and tightened slave codes -
tariff act of 1832
The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered to pacify these objections. -
The Telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse, Invented the telegraph which allowed faster communication over longer distances. He also developed Morse code. The telegraph was an apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code).The telegraph was the first communication instrument that could send messages through wires via electricity. -
The Panic Of 1837
During Jackson's presidency , many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. -
Trail of Tears
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The land and water route used by the US government to forcefully remove thousands of Cherokee Indians from their homes between Georgia and Oklahoma. Along the way, over 4,000 Indians died. -
The Election of 1844
The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny is the belief that it was God's plan to that the U.S. should extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The united states gained control over the Louisiana purchase area Florida by the Florida purchase Treaty Texas by annexation Oregon by the Oregon treaty large areas of American territory such as New Mexico and California by the Treaty of Guadalupe Bay after the Mexican war the Gadsden purchase area in the red river basin area -
The Bear Flag Revolt
The Bear Flag Revolt was the first step on a path that would end 25 years of Mexican government in California. Bear Flag Revolt, (June–July 1846), short-lived independence rebellion precipitated by American settlers in California's Sacramento Valley against Mexican authorities. -
Mexican American War
War with Mexico which began in 1846 when the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico challenged the Border. Battles were fought in Texas, and Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by General Winfield Scott. Scott attacked Mexico City and Chapultepec. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. -
The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo
It ended the U.S.-Mexican War and transferred 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico to United States ownership. The United States was favored. Mexico retained about half of its land. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U.S. to pay USD $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to USD $3.25 million. -
California Gold Rush
1848 gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. -
Free-Soil Party
The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The meeting took place in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19th and 20th 1848. 300 Women and 40 men went to the second day to discuss the rights of women. They wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. -
The Compromise of 1850
In the Compromise 1850 slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed. -
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Westward Expansion
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Sectionalism
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The seventh Of March Speech
Daniel Webster's speech one of his most famous. Stated he wasn't a northern or southern but an American, it supported the compromise of 1850 which included the fugitive slave law. Huge loss of popularity from this speech in the north. Daniel Webster's speech in congress in 1850 that advocated compromise over the issue of slavery, strengthening Union sentiment. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A book published in 1852, it sold hundreds of thousands of copies and added a powerful emotional fuel to the abolition movement. It was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a Northerner who had actually spent very little time in the South. -
Bleeding Kansas
"Bleeding Kansas" became a mini civil-war between pro- and anti slavery people; in the end antislavery settlers would win the population race and vote kansas as a free state in 1861.
Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. -
Lincoln-Douglass Debates
During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates. -
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The Civil War
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The Peninsula Campaign
The Peninsula (or Peninsular) Campaign was a major Union offensive against the Confederate capital of Richmond led by Major General George B. McClellan in the spring and summer of 1862, during the American Civil War. The first stage of the Peninsula Campaign ended in the inconclusive Battle of Seven Pines, during which Confederate General Joseph Johnston was injured and command passed to Robert E. Lee. -
The Battle of Antietam
Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties. The battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation -
The Emancipation Proclamation
The emancipation proclamation declared all salves in confederate territory free. This did not free many slaves because they land was under confederate control so the union had trouble freeing them. The plantations were usually located far away from the union. This law also said that that northern slaves were not free. Lincoln didn't want to free all salves because he thought he didn't have the constitutional power to do so. This weakened the south and made the civil war into a war of liberation. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
Lincoln's reconstruction plan which would allow a southern state to reenter the union if only 10% of the voters in that state pledged allegiance to the union.a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington. -
The Gettysburg Address
President Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address. It was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863. Lincoln proposed the idea that the the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its citizens. -
The Tenant Farmer
A tenant farmer is a farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or in shares of the crop. when a tenant who is provided with seeds, tools, living quarters, and food received a share of the value of the crop. -
Black Codes
a series of statutes and laws enacted in 1865 and 1866 by the legislatures of the Southern states following the end of the Civil War at the beginning of the Reconstruction Era.Public laws that economized restricted minorities' civil rights.The codes restrict the freedom of black people (freedmen) and the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces such as Southern towns. -
The 13th Amendment
The Emancipation Proclamation was meant to free the slaves in the Confederate States, but the Confederate government did not recognize the Union President freeing their slaves.
The Thirteenth Amendment, however, freed the slaves everywhere in the United States. Therefore, during reconstruction the rights of the African Americans were protected by the federal government. -
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Reconstruction
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Freedman's Bureau
The Freedmen's Bureau was established under the Freedmen's Bureau Bill on March 3, 1865.The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read. The Freedmen's Bureau was supported by President Abraham Lincoln, moderate Republicans in Congress and members of the Abolitionist Movement. -
Appomattox Courthouse
April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War. Lee forced to totally surrender at this court house in 1865; Union treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their horses. After being surrounded by General Grant and his men, General Lee was forced to surrender at Appomattox courthouse. After 4 tiresome years the war was finally over. The Union was saved and the slaves were free. -
The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The Assassination of President Lincoln was on April 14, 1865,
actor John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C., and fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln.He died early the next morning. The whole country grieved the death of President Lincoln. As the nine-car funeral train carried President Lincoln home for burial in Springfield, Illinois, people showed up at train stations all along the way to pay their respects. -
The Election of 1868
The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868.In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant owed his victory to the votes of former slaves. -
Sharecroppers
After the Civil War, former slaves sought jobs, and planters sought laborers. The absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping.Sharecropping began in the south after the Civil War ended in 1865. In the Great Depression people turned to sharecropping because they did not have enough money. System of farming in which farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop. -
The Panic of 1873
The panic was caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects; main causes, over-speculation and too much credit.Bankers also made too many imprudent loans to fund those enterprises; when profits failed to materialize, loans went unpaied, and caused the bust; economic strain hard on blacks and debtors; also linked to controversies over soft v. hard money -
Clara Barton
Clarissa Harlowe Barton, known as Clara, is one of the most honored women in American history. Barton risked her life to bring supplies and support to soldiers in the field during the Civil War. The first woman to go onto a battlefield in the United States to nurse the wounded soldiers: later, she set up the American Red Cross. Red Cross was founded in 1881.The Red Cross is a society organized to help the wounded and homeless during wars and such disasters as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes.
