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Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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1400 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The bering land bridge was a geographical site believed to connect Asia to North America during the ice age. This bridge is theorized to be the reason why the first Americans were able to immigrate from Asian to North America in the first place. This bridge is thought to have separated when the ice age ended, resulting in the gap between the two countries in the present day -
1200
The Maya Caste System
The people of the Mayan empire was set by the caste system. The caste system was a pyramid that consisted of 5 categories. The lowest people in their societies consisted of laborers, and peasants while the highest person/people in their society were royal people. Each city had a ruling family. That family lived a life of luxury. During religious ceremonies, rulers wore headdresses that were taller than they were. Rulers held hereditary positions. -
1300
The Renaissance
During the 14th-17th century, an era called the renaissance, which means rebirth, was a time where religion was highly questioned and new technology, art, science, and literature spread in Europe after the dark ages. During the renaissance, iconic people like Leonardo da vinci, Michelangelo, Christopher Columbus brought new things to the people of Europe and changed the society since.The renaissance is a beautiful event that is not celebrated once a year to acknowledge the beauty of it. -
1340
The Black Death
The black death or the bubonic plague, was a deadly disease that spread over Europe killing off over 1/3 of europes population around 1347. It originates in fleas which then infect rats and end infections people. The disease spread so quickly due to the lack of sanitary conditions practiced during the time. Around the 1350s, the plague came to end in the early 1350s. The black death was a very hard time, it became so widely known worldwide that it is now turned into a joke sometimes. -
1492
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian exchange, named after Christopher Columbus, was an exchange system between the old world and the new world during the 15th and 16th century. The countries exchanged things such as new plants, animals, technology, as well as new diseases. involved Mercantilism, an economic theory that rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries. -
1521
The Aztecs
The Aztecs were a powerful native group who lived in Mesoamerica beginning around the 13th century. The Aztecs’ city was named Tenochtitlan, ruled by their emperor Montezuma. They lived in a very social, political, and religious city, even practicing human sacrifices to satisfy their gods until their falling in 1521 due to the Spanish conquistadors taking over their entire empire. -
Roanoke
The first attempt to establishing a colony in north America was the colony of Roanoke. It was established in 1587 in present day North Carolina. When the governor or Roanoke was returning from England to get fresh food and supplies, he returned to the entire colony gone, making Roanoke knows as “the lost colony”. White took the letters to mean that the colonists had moved to Croatoan Island, some 50 miles away, but a later search of the island found none of the settlers -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Head Right system
The headright system was used to attract people from the old world to come to North America and start a new life there. It offered people free land for those who came and by working the land for about 5-7 years, they could repay their debt. The system was first offered by the Virginia company to help increase the population of the new Jamestown colony. Adding onto that, the system was very important to help grow the populations of new colonies in America -
The Mayflower
The mayflower was one the famous ship that set sail to the new world. The ship was mostly used to transport cargo such as wine and dry good. However, in 1620, the ship set sail carrying around 102 passengers to the newly “discovered” world. There were 26 vessels bearing the name Mayflower in the Port Books of England during the reign of James I (1603–1625); it is not known why the name was so popular. The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records from her home port -
Sugar
In the Caribbean colonies, sugar cane was a very prominent and successful crop grown. Due to the popularity of sugar in England, sugar was high in demand, making the Caribbean colonies burst with economical success with their sugar cane crops.Originally, people chewed sugarcane raw to extract its sweetness. Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the Gupta dynasty, around 350 AD. Sugar was a very popular item before rice -
Triangular trade
Trade route between North America, Europe, and Africa was known as the Triangular trade. This route had a purpose of transporting specific products to those specific countries. From North America to Europe, raw goods such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton was exported. From Europe to Africa, textiles, rum, and manufactured goods were transported. Africa exported slaves to North America. This trading system was very important to Europe since it was a big part of their power and economic strength. -
William penn
William Penn was an English Quaker leader and founder of PA. Penn was born into a wealthy and successful family, his father being a successful Politician. Penn, unlike a lot of people during this time, was a Quaker, meaning he believed in religious freedom and non-violence which led to him to establishing the Pennsylvania colony as a safe haven for Quakers and other religious minorities in America. Unlike his childhood, William Penn died a poor man, but the colony was one of the most successful -
Rebellion of indentured servants
In 1676, a rebellion full of indentured servants, led by Nathanial Bacon, occurred due to them being against of virginia governor William Berkeley due to him getting along with native americans. The rebellion included both black and white indentured servants, which scared the ruling class. Bacons rebellion was an important event which led to settlers turning away from using indentured servants and turn to slavery in their colonies instead. -
The Enlightenment
The enlightenment, also known as “the age of reasoning”, was a period where logical and scientific reasoning challenged the way of religious beliefs. This movement began around the late 17th and 18th century in Europe and later spread to North America. Some influential leaders of the enlightenment were people such as john locke, sir Isaac newton, and Benjamin franklin, all who introduced new scientifical ideas to people during the enlightenment era -
Salem With Trials
In the spring of 1692, the Salem witch trials began in Salem, Massachusetts. After a group of local women were said to have been possessed by evil spirits which caused them to have unusual behaviors. After a wave of hysteria spread all over Massachusetts because of these women, a trial case was set to hear the women. After one woman was convicted, 19 others followed. However, several men, women, and children continued to be accused of witchcraft until around early 1693. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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The Great Awakening
Unlike the enlightenment, the first great awakening was an era where religion began to resurface within the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s. religious leaders such as George Whitfield toured all over the colonies, preaching the gospel and attract people. The great awakening turned people, once again, to turn to religion for everything. The earliest manifestations of the First Great Awakening appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey -
Slave rebellions
Many African Americans were put into slavery at this time. Slaves were treated and put into horrible conditions in which the owners would not care for them properly. At the point in time of a slave rebellion these slaves would be tired of being mistreated that they would start a revolt against their owners. These rebellions are very important to history, they show slaves paving their way into earning their freedom. The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion that occurred in colonial time -
New England Colonial Economies
Most immigrants came from Europe at the time during colonial growth. In New England, which is now Rhode Island and Massachusetts, colonial growth came from various things. Things in New England were mostly fishing based, ship building was created for people to fish more easily. The Atlantic trade was also a huge part of the the colonial economies due to them being able to trade the fish they catch. New England was also not religiously tolerant against opposing beliefs, puritans were principal. -
Washington's role in 7 years war
The Seven Years War, also known as the French and Indian War. This war was fought between England and France against the Indians George Washington had a major role in this war. George killed the French commander and after he surrendered at Fort Necessity he signed a contract that said he started the war. George Washington was the perfect choice as emissary to the French in the Ohio Valley, he knew the area, he had experience with the Indians, and he bought land in the area so they threatened it. -
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The Revolutionary War
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Townshend Act
Passed in June of 1767. The Townshend Act taxed lead, glass, paper, tea, and paint. Parliament knew that collecting and enforcing the taxes would be difficult, so they hired royal customs commissioners to do that. Because of the Townshend acts they boycotted many British goods such as jewelry, coaches, clothes, watches, and other things. Due to the colonists boycotting British goods, the townshend was repealed, except for tax on tea, which remained as a symbol of parliaments right to tax. -
Paul Revere in the Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre were the colonists starting to call the British soldiers names like "lobsters", and "redcoats". The soldiers got angry and started to destroy colonists property. The colonists became furious and started forming crowds and throwing rocks at the soldiers. British soldiers fired into the crowd killing five colonists. After this event Paul Revere made a fictitious account, spreading lies about the vent resulting in the first example of propaganda, naming it the Boston Massacre. -
Boston Tea party
In 1773 Due to the taxes placed on all British goods, colonists were very upset, the item that angered them most of all was tea, The Tea Act. In an act of defiance, a group of 70 drunk colonists, the sons of liberty, decided together to dress up head to toe in full Indian gear and go to the shipments of tea for a naughty plan they had in mind. The angered colonists then dumped all the tea in to the harbor labeling this event The Boston Tea party. 340 chests were lost due to the colonists' anger. -
Charter colonies
Charter colonies were colonies that had a written agreement between the British king and the American colonist that established rules between the rulers and how one may not change or overrule the colony without the consent of the other party. Some charter colonies included Massachusetts, Connecticut, and rhode island. charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut granted colonists significantly more political liberty than other colonies. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
On November 7, 1775, Lord Dunmore (Loyalist) - the British governor in Virginia offered to free any slaves and indentured servants who would leave their patriot masters to join the British forces (the redcoats); He hoped to use them to help in the fight against the revolutionaries, & disrupt the American economy by taking away planters' labor forces. Only about 1,000 initially took the offer,yet this it led to Congress' change of a policy that kept African Americans from enlisting in the army. -
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America was the first work to openly ask for independence from Britain. Paine's basic message, declare independence, was not new, he went much further. Reject British heritage, embrace democracy, enlighten the world. This doesn't sound very revolutionary to us now, but it was. The document played a major part in uniting colonists. -
The Declaration of Independence
In 1776 the colonists desperately wanted independence. It was written by Thomas Jefferson. This document was a list of grievances against the British, this declaration is said to be the greatest breakup letter ever. The declaration of Independence was signed completely by August 2, 1776, but the date we recognize the most would be the day it went into effect, on July 4th 1776. This day is now celebrated across America as a sign of our independence, it is filled with joy and pride over our nation -
Debt problems in Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was very weak. Debt was a major problem, there were lack of luxury goods, many people who bought these luxury goods bought them on credit. Due to this debt Agriculture prices went down, the demand for British goods surged. People were laid off due to inability to pay then people lost their homes. Recession in the 1780's was also a major part of this as well, due to this recession, trade was very restricted which also correlates to the agriculture prices plummeting. -
Land problems with Britain
By the 1780s, seven of the 13 original states had enunciated claims to areas in the West. These so-called "landed" states had a great potential advantage over the six "landless" states. It was assumed that the future sale of western lands would enrich the landed states and possibly allow them to operate without any form of taxation needed. These landless states feared that they would lose residents and dwindle into insignificance. Thus creating the problems seen in the future with Great Britain. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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The Treaty of Paris 1783
The countries involved in the treaty were Britain and the U.S. They sent 3 people from America. The people involved were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. The final treaty was signed on September 3 1783 in Paris. The reason for this treaty was for the U.S. To gain independence from Britain and become its own country, have its own self government, and any loyalist who had land was to be taken away and returned to the U.S. With the treaty signed The US was going to be free of Britain. -
Shays Rebellion
1786 to 1787. Shays Rebellion was a series of violent attacks on courthouses and other government properties in Massachusetts, beginning in 1786, which led to a full-blown military confrontation in 1787. The rebels were mostly ex-Revolutionary War soldiers turned farmers who opposed state economic policies causing poverty and property foreclosures. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shays, a farmer and former soldier who fought at Bunker Hill and was one of several leaders of the insurrection. -
Enlightenment ideals in the 18th century
1750 to early 1700's ideas became more widespread though books, newspapers, magazines; opposition of clergy and divine right of kings and traditional hierarchy. Ideas of life, liberty, social contract, pop sovereignty, and freedom were popularized. Philosophy as new discipline=Rousseau. Break away from mercantilism. Physiocrats wanted laisse faire policy. Ideas of capitalism begin to arise. Nationalism was also involved, Artistic expression. This enlightenment also shared ideals with earlier one -
Federalist Papers
The federalist papers were essays published in New York newspapers over the course of 2 years of 1787-1788. James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton wrote the papers. A total of 85 essays were published, the papers prompted the ratification of Constitution. They argued that a stronger central government would protect liberty better. The three goals that were listed in the papers include common defense, control trade between states and with other nations, and dealing with foreign countries. -
Virginia Plan
Virginia Plan, Proposed a strong national government. Act only on the states not the people directly. Gives Legislative branch to make laws, individual states were not able to make laws stopping trade between two states.James Madison Drafted a plan for a new government called the Virginia Plan. Creation of the three branches, legislative, executive and judicial, the branches are equal. 2 house legislative were also created, lower house elected by people, and upper house, elected by lower house. -
Executive Branch
The executive branch executes and enforces the laws made by the legislative branch. This means that the laws that they make executive supports and carries it out. This branch is a 3 man executive. 1 man is elected by people which is the president. life long term, single term, re-elected. It played out for them as the electoral college system which is chosen by the legislature. it was meant for elite, they didn't trust the common man, and there was the 4 year term with no limits on re-election. -
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The New Republic
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Second Great awakening
Around the end of the 18th century, another Protestant religious revival, known as the “Second Great Awakening”, occurred. This religious revival was a big part of increasing the number Evangelical Methodist and Baptist. Like the first, religious leaders traveled around and preached about religion to people, more commonly in small town halls where people met. It increased church membership and led to important movements and reforms such as temperance, emancipation of women, and foreign missions. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion (1791-1794) involved Penn. and Kentucky farmers. The Rebellion was centered around the fact that 25% of taxes was put of whiskey. In that this time period whiskey was economically important, it earns a large profit. Due to this tax the farmers revolted, 6,000 of them threatened to attack Pittsburgh. George Washington lead the army. The Whiskey Rebellion was the 1st major domestic test of the constitution since it was created -
Investors of the US Bank
The Bank of the United States was first chartered by the US Congress on February 25, 1791 after being proposed by Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) in 1790. The purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirements of the new central government of the newly formed United States. This is significant as previously the 13 colonies each had their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies. Set for a 20 year charter. Hamilton was the main investor. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights are the 1st through 10th amendments. These amendments are freedom of expression, right to bear arms, no quartering of soldiers, rules for search and seizure , right to due process, right to speedy trial, right to jury trial, no cruel punishment, power to the people, power to the states. Federalists argued that the Constitution did not need a bill of rights. Anti-Federalists held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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First Cabinet
Washington held the 1st cabinet meeting on February 25, 1793, with Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. One individual who did not attend cabinet meetings was Vice President John Adams. In fact, Adams found his role as vice president to be so tedious that he once referred to it as "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." -
Jay's Treaty
Jay's Treaty, located in London, the significance of it was it made it possible for American ships to to trade w/ England and France, Allowed U.S to expand and strengthen their economy very important for new country, Strengthened the Federalist Party, Created federalist and anti federalist in U.S, Because of conflicts between Washington and Jefferson. British vacate forts also stopped trade with the natives. The treaty was in Britain but John Jay was American. -
Federalism
The federalist era was 1788-1800, a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government. An example would be the American system of government which is set out in the Constitution. It includes Division of Powers which is the division between the National Government and governments of 50 states. How does the Constitution provide for a division of powers? By assigning powers to National government and reserving other powers to the States. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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The 12th Amendment
The 12th amendment was the election of the president and vice president will be on separate ballots. Why did we need the 12th amendment? because the constitution stated that whoever won the electoral college was president and whoever was 2nd was vice president creating conflict, so we amended the constitution to put on separate ballots. The 12th amendment was created during the election of 1800 where a tie between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson, house chooses winner, Jefferson ends up winning -
Hamilton vs Burr
July 11th, 1804, they began to insult each other in public. Burr challenges Hamilton, they fight at the Heights of Weehawken, NJ, Hamilton chooses Wogdon and Barton pistols, Hamilton fires first and misses. Burr hits Hamilton in lower abdomen above right hip, dies next day on July 12, 1804, Burr will go on to be tried for treason. On the day of Hamilton's death that is the day that the world shifted for federalists, losing their main leader leaving them alone with no one to lead them. -
Joseph Smith
Joseph smith was an american religious leader born on December 23rd, 1805. Mostly educated based on religion and the bible. Joseph claimed he found a sacred tablet that had ancient writing on it. When he translated it, it was a message from God to form the Mormons. He later founded and was president of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The church was considered to be a restoration of New Testament Christianity. Joseph Smith later died by an angry mob of Mormons on June 27th, 1844 -
Problems with British in Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It eventually led to the War of 1812. -
Andrew Johnson Racism
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. He was very racist making claims that were hypocritical -
The War of 1812
June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815 was the beginning and end of the War of 1812. This war was a mix of many defeats and losses for both the American and British side. There were a lot of events that happened in between the start and end, like the British Burning the White House cause Americans "took" their capital. But the most important detail in this war was the fact that it ended in a draw. This war was never meant to be fought in the first place and most saw it as the 2nd war for independence -
Greek Revival Furniture
Greek Revival furniture, like most neoclassical styles, tends to be symmetrical, geometric, and reflective of the same sorts of mathematical ratios found in Greek temples. Greek and Roman architectural ratios were actually different, and this is one difference we see in revival furniture as well. From about 1800-1815, France turned this into the Empire Style, favored by Napoleon.Greek Revival spread throughout Europe and the United States during the first half of the 19th century. -
The Panic of 1819
During 1819 in the US, The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, loss of homes and farms and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. The Panic of 1819 was the worst depression in US history. This panic pushed the economy into a tailspin. During this time there was also the mismanagement within the 2nd U.S. bank. -
Missouri Crisis - Slave states vs Free states
When Missouri applied to enter the union as a slave state, making the slave to free state ratio unbalanced. Congress proposed an emancipation of slaves in Missouri, but the territory rejected the proposal. As a result, the Southerners in the senate used their power to withhold statehood for Maine. The Southerners were for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and the Northerners were against the admission. This led to the Missouri Compromise -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Treaty was signed on February 22, 1819. The Adams-Onis Treaty was, The US wanting Florida from Spain. Andrew Jackson "defends" from Indians. Spain has trouble in Latin American causing Spain to cede. And because of the treaty they recognize the U.S. claim to Louisiana. The results of the treaty includes #1) Spain gave Florida to the US #2)US pays $5 million to Americans in damage claims #3) US gave up claims to Texas and #4) Spain gave up land north of California. -
Irish Immigration
Around 4.5 million Irish arrived in America between 1820 and 1860. Causes of immigration was discrimination and the famine from 1845-1855, crops fail. British showed lack of compassion for the Irish. Women made 50% of Irish immigrants. The Irish settled Mostly in Northeastern cities. Some went west but they had a very different experience. The Irish were a small minority in established cities on the East coast, more possibility in starting something of their own on the West coast, few went South -
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Cultural Changes
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Clara Barton
Clara Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the Civil War, a teacher, and patent clerk. Nursing education was not very formalized at that time and she did not attend nursing school, so she provided self-taught nursing care. Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian work at a time when relatively few women worked outside the home. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973 -
Andrew Jackson
The Common man begins in 1824 with Andrew Jackson. Jackson's nickname was Old Hickory. The combination of his status and increasing political opportunities for common citizens led to Jackson's ascension to the presidency. Born in SC 1767, the first president not from upper or middle-class, from a poor family; grew up resenting the wealthy, he served as a courier as a teenager, was captured by the British. When he refused to clean the boots of a redcoat officer, his face was slashed by a sword, -
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin led colonization of Americans in Texas. The Empresarios economic system conflicted with Mexico's. Austin asked the Mexican government for a separate state government, which Mexico refused, this caused Austin to be imprisoned. Candidates for settlement, become catholic, Mexican citizenship, learn Spanish and get rid of slaves. The whites outnumbered the Hispanics and they also disobeyed the laws. there were 30,000 settlers by the 1830's -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was a revolutionary piece of technology, it greatly helped the world out and spread. The creator of the Cotton Gin was Eli Whitney. The cotton gin easily picked out the seeds from the cotton making it more easier to produce more cotton instead of slaves picking the seeds out one by one. This machine revolutionized cotton agriculture. and cotton production. Because of the machine doing the work, slavery went to a downfall for a while before starting up again a while later. -
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1828 strategy
The election of 1828 was the 1st example of the now modern election. During this election, Andrew Jackson decided to change his strategies. One of the strategies that he chose was to boast about his humble beginnings. Based off of Andrew Jackson's childhood, many things went wrong in his life which proved his humble beginnings but he took this to the people as his strategy to win. His beginnings related to the people who go through the same thing which was most likely what swayed the people. -
Spoils System
A practice in which a political party, after winning an election gives government civil service jobs to its supporters as a repayment for supporting them and as inventive to continue to do so.
it was also used by appointing officials to the government of the United States of America based on political connections rather than on impersonal measures of merit. The name was derived from the phrase "to the victor go the spoils". it was a tactic used by Andrew Jackson in his presidency -
Anti slavery movement
The anti-slavery movement was a political and social movement that advocated for the immediate emancipation of slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation. Those who favored for immediate end of slavery where partly encouraged by the second great awakening due to it making people support emancipation on religious grounds. The movement became increasingly prominent in the north beginning in the 1830s -
Railroads
The railroads being built was extremely important, i made many things for people a whole lot easier. The benefits include more jobs, new industries, could sell crops to wider markets, growth in industries supporting the railroads like steel. new towns and cities alongside the railroads, trade with China and Japan began, thousands of people used the railroads to move West, law officers could visit more towns and enforce law and order and trains could transport goods and supplies everywhere. -
Cemetery
Starting in the early 19th century, the burial of the dead in graveyards began to be discontinued, due to rapid population growth in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, continued outbreaks of infectious disease near graveyards and the increasingly limited space. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from heavily populated areas and outside of old towns and city centers. -
Defunding the Bank
During the Election of 1832, Andrew Jackson, president at the time defunded the bank. The main fear was that opponents were funding the bank (anti-Jackson campaign) Jackson completely put the bank out of existence, which was the first time a president had "mandate". The bank war really hurt the economy, all the money ended up going into the state bank, and a major recession followed all of the events that preceded it due to Andrew Jackson, he also said that the bank was unconstitutional. -
Affordability in labor changes
With Urbanization and industrialization growing rapidly many things were needing to be created much more faster than at the rate it was going but the labor costs were too expensive for their taste. Due to this was the creation and development of child labor, these labor changes were not only cheaper for them not having to pay the children as much as they do the adults, it was also helpful to them because the children could fit into the tiny spaces the adults couldn't. -
Election of 1836 Whig party
The United States presidential election of 1836 In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party. Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates from the Whig Party. Under leadership of Andrew Jackson, the Democrats had established a stable party, but the Whigs had only recently emerged and were united by their opposition to Jackson. The Whigs ran two primary tickets. Northern and border state Whigs supported the ticket led by former Senator William Henry Harrison -
Iron Plow
John Deere was the original creator of the iron plow, also known as the steel plow. The steel plow and it sliced through the soil much easier than other plows. The steel plow took less animal power, and as a result allowed farmers to replace their oxen with horses and turn over their land much easier. With the progressing times back then with urbanization and industrialization, just like the Cotton Gin this invention was very efficient and made the agriculture for the time much easier. -
Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson, the 7th US President that signed the Indian Removal Act. Jackson believed the Native Americans were children in need of guidance and that their removal would be beneficial. The Trail of Tears was the land and water route used by the US government to forcefully remove thousands of Cherokee Indians from their homes between Georgia and Oklahoma. Along the way, over 4,000 Indians died. It was named the trail of tears due to the death and mourning of their lost ones and their homes. -
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Westward Expansion
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William Henry Harrison death
William Henry Harrison was the shortest lived president, he won the election of 1840 in a landslide only making it one month. In which William dies on April, 4, 1841. William was portrayed by the Whigs as a poor man born in a log cabin (common man) (He was not actually poor in reality). William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren. One of the largest turnouts of eligible voters in history. After Williams death, his opponent John Tyler became president -
Oregon Trail
The Pacific Northwest plus part of the Intermountain Region and the Rockies. Contained present day states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Also included a part of Canada, makes up the Oregon county. Travel on the Oregon Trail began in 1843. The trail was over 2000 miles long. 15 miles was considered a good distance in one day. more than 50,000 people traveled the trail. It took 6 to 8 months to travel the Oregon trail. The first white settlers were Narcissa and Marcus Whitman. -
The Telegraph
Telegraph machines had to be connected through a series of wires in order to exchange messages. The operator would key a message in the Morse alphabet, and the receiving telegraph machine on the other side would register the message in a form of clicks made by a bar striking another bar. Listening to the clicks the receiving operator could hear the message and transcribe it before passing it on. In the late 1800s, wireless telegraphy emerged. telegraph messages were transmitted over radio waves. -
Annexation of Texas
Annexation is when a smaller territory becomes part of or joins with a larger country. Texas was annexed under joint resolution and became the 28th state. Pros of the annexation money from U.S. would help pay off debt, Texas would receive protection from the U.S. Army from the Native Americans, many Texans were already from the U.S. The cons of the annexation were Texans wanted to remain an independent republic. U.S. didn't want to add any states that supported slavery. -
Bear Flag revolt
Because of the bear flag revolt, California now has a bear on its state flag. During the Bear Flag Revolt a small group of settlers rebelled against Mexico. The Californians revolted because they wanted to make California an independent republic. John C. Fremont tarted the Bear Flag Revolt by convincing settlers to form militias and prepare for a battle with Mexico. California became a state in 1850. The bear flag became an official state flag in 1911 -
Ulysses S. Grant
The Union's general during the civil war and the 18th president. Ulysses S. Grant participation in the Mexican-American War, he was awarded many medals during this time period. Ulysses S Grant said about the American Mexican War That it was an unjust war. The seeds for Grant’s civil and human rights commitments were planted early on in his military career during the War which ended with Mexico losing approximately one-third of its territory and others like california, etc. to the United States. -
Wilmot Provisio
The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful proposal in the US Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War.The conflict over the Wilmot proviso was one of the major events leading to the Civil War. Congressman David Wilmot first introduced the proviso in the US House of Representatives, the bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican–American War. It passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the South had greater representation. -
Mexican- American War
The Mexican American war was from April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848. The War with Mexico which began in 1846 when the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico challenged the Border. Battles were fought in Texas, and Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by General Winfield Scott. Scott attacked Mexico City and Chapultepec. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. About 25,000 Mexicans died (some from disease) and about 13,000 Americans died. The Americans won the war. -
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Sectionalism
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Mass Migration of California Gold Rush
Gold was found in California which created a big event, thousands migrated to cali. to find the gold. in 1849 there were 14 thousand less than 100 thousand at years end. less than 200 thousand by 1852. People came in hopes to become rich. The chinese immigrated for riches, 45 thousand by 1854 and they would work at the worst mines. Gold was easy to find until 1852, mining began, support industries popped up to support mining population. When the gold got hard to find, the less people there were. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca falls convention was a women’s rights convention held in Seneca falls, New York. The convention mainly fought for social, religious, and civil freedom for women. The meeting was an important factor for launching the women’s suffrage movement, which payed off seven decades later. Around 300 people showed up to the convention, mostly women but men were welcomed on the second day. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were two of the main women who led the Seneca Falls convention -
The Slums
There was a large population growth caused by the improvements of the Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century. Many believe this population increase was due to a decline in the death rate. A drop in famines, warfare and illnesses, and increase in food sources. 50% of the entire population lived in either a town or a city instead of in a rural area. Growth of cities led to horrible living conditions for most of the factory workers, cities were dirty, crowded places where epidemics broke out. -
Factories in the North
The economy of the North was based on manufacturing. Many immigrants from Europe began working in factories and producing goods used by people in the North. Many factories began producing textiles (cloth) with the cotton grown in the South. The North's main advantage was manufacturing, they had the resources for it other than the south and they also were urbanizing at a much rapid rate than the south was, so manufacturing was mostly their thing while agriculture was focused on in the south. -
The Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was a law making it a crime to help runaway slaves. If caught could face up to 6 months in prison and a $1000 dollar fine. Commissioners 10 dollars right slave $5 dollars wrong slave. Compromise of 1850 paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves. Uncle tom's cabin a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 really showed people what slavery was like. It showed the brutality -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S. and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In 1855, three years after it was published, it was called "the most popular novel of our day" The book helped popularize a number of stereotypes about black people. -
Kansas- Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders.The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30.The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported -
Slavery due to Cotton Gin
The cotton Gin was a revolutionary tool, but as it made the process of producing more cotton faster, they needed more people to work the machines. At first it seemed as if the cotton gin would bring the slavery count down which it did at first, it definitely decreased, but then soon after when the machines were working as well as they were more slaves were required. Due to the rapid urbanization and the efficiency of the machines, this is the reason why slavery boosted back up again. -
Civil war industrialization
The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of the Civil War. What had been an almost purely agricultural economy in 1800 was in the first stages of an industrial revolution which would result in the United States becoming one of the world's leading industrial powers by 1900. But the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the prewar years was almost exclusively limited to the regions north of the Mason-Dixon line, leaving much of the South far behind. -
Military Leadership in South
Military leadership in the American Civil War was influenced by professional military education. While not all leaders had formal military training, the United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy created dedicated cadres of professional officers whose understanding of military science had profound effect on the conduct of the American Civil War and whose lasting legacy helped forge the traditions of the modern U.S. officer corps of all service branches. -
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The Civil War
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Fort Sumter
The First Battle of Fort Sumter began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate fired on the Union garrison. These were the first shots, continued all day, watched by many civilians. The fort had been cut off from its supply line and surrendered the next day. The Second Battle of Fort Sumter (September 8, 1863) was a failed attempt by the Union to retake the fort. Although the fort was reduced to rubble, it remained in Confederate hands until it was evacuated. -
Trent Affair
The Trent Affair was a diplomatic incident in 1861 during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the United States and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Navy illegally captured two Confederate diplomats; the UK protested vigorously. The United States ended the incident by releasing the diplomats. On November 8, 1861, the USS San Jacinto intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats: James Murray Mason and John Slidell. -
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the US, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. -
Harriet Tubman and the Underground railroad
Harriet Tubman is well known for risking her life as a “conductor” in the Underground Railroad, which led escaped slaves to freedom in the North. Tubman decided to help the Union Army because she wanted freedom for all of the people who were forced into slavery, not just the few she could help by herself. And she convinced many other brave African Americans to join her as spies, even at the risk of being hanged if they were caught. Harriet Tubman helped many people and is now known for her help. -
Lincoln's 10% plan
The ten percent plan, formally the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction was a United States presidential proclamation issued on December 8, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln, during the American Civil War. By this point in the war, the Union Army had pushed the Confederate Army out of several regions of the South, and some rebellious states were ready to have their governments rebuilt. Lincoln's plan established a process through which this postwar reconstruction could come about -
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Reconstruction
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Freedman's Bureau
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[3] The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War, as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South -
Appomattox courthouse
On April 9, 1865, the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia in the McLean House in the village of Appomattox Court House, Virginia signaled the end of the nation's largest war. fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War (1861–1865). It was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General-in-Chief, Robert E. Lee, and his Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered -
Lincoln's assassination
On the evening of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.At 10:15, Booth slipped into the box and fired his .44-caliber single-shot derringer pistol into the back of Lincoln’s head. -
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan and commonly misspelled as the Klu Klux Klan, refers to three distinct secret movements at different points in time in the history of the United States. Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations and anti-Catholicism. Historically, the KKK used terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals whom they opposed -
Violence towards black voters
The United States presidential election of 1868 was the 21st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1868. In the first election of the Reconstruction Era, Republican nominee Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour. It was the first presidential election to take place after the conclusion of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery. The black vote was very important, others tried to use intimidation and violence, racism -
15th Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed, Congress repeatedly debated the rights of the millions of former black slaves. -
Corruption in Election of 1876
Election of 1876 is sometimes considered to be the 2 "corrupt bargain." Three Southern states had contested vote counts, and each sent the results of two different slates of electors. Since both candidates needed those electoral votes to win the election, Congress appointed a special Electoral Commission to settle the dispute Most items in alleged "Compromise of 1877" were never acted on or had already been the established position of Hayes from the time of accepting the Republican nomination. -
Frederick Douglas
Frederick douglas is one of the most famous former slaves and activist for freedom for slaves. Born into slavery, he resided and worked In Maryland. Unlike a lot of slaves, he knew how to read and write and later taught other slaves the same. When he escaped from his abusive plantation, his start as an abolitionist leader began. He advocated for womens rights and equality of for slaves until his death in 1895.
