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Mussolini takes over Italy
Mussoloni gained his dictadorship after the Lateran Treaty where he could guarantee loyalty; this took him years. Mussolini started his time in power by buying support from the working class and industrial bosses.He was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, but his government contained men with different political beliefs- like Hitler’s. Mussoloni's power almost collapsed when anger grew through Italy after the muder of Matteotti.
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Beer Hall Putsch
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a coalition group; which came to be known as the Beer Hall Putsch. They began in Munich, aiming to seize control of the state government and overthrow the German federal government. They sought to establish a new government to oversee the German Reich.The Putsch failed but Bavarian authorities were able to prosecute nine participants.
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Kellogg-Briand Pac
The Krllog-Briand Pact, also called the "Pact of Paris" was an agreement to outlaw or to have no more wars. It was the most grandiose of peace keeping attempt after WWI. Aristide Briand and Frank B. Kellogg made this pact for those who were disappointed at the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations. Nearly all the Nations of the world subscribed to the pact.
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U.S. Stock Market Crash
Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in 1 day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors.This was also led to be known as the "Great Depression" the longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world.
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Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan had invaded Manchuria without declarations of war, breaking the Leauge of Nations. Japan turned to Manchuria for oil, rubber and lumber in order to make up for the lack of resources. China appealed to the League of Nations to get Japan out, but China never fought back because they knew the Japanese just wanted a reason to invade.
manchuria-1931.
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Hitler becomes Germany's Chancellor
Hitler persuaded the president, Field Marshal von Hindenburg, to appoint him as chancellor in a coalition government. Hitler was anointed chancellor to keep the Nazi Party “in check” however, it would have disastrous results for Germany and Europe. Hitler was the most powerful political leader in the country, but was a demagogue with no experience of government.Hitler was proclaimed Führer of the German Reich, giving him dictatorial power over the country.
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Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations:
The Leauge of Nations recieved a report blaming Japan for the Invasion of Manchuria. “We are not coming back,” Matsuoka said. Previously, only 2 Nations have droped out of the Leauge. This should have responded with economic sanctions or a war but none of these actions was undertaken. It was the first of many such failures. Germany would latter join Japan in their withdrawal. Japan finds it impossible to accept the report adopted by the assembly.
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Nazi's reach a political majority in Germany
Today, there is votes on the political majority, weather it is "republican" or "democratic." However back in 1933, they did not have votes on demectats or repulicans, but on Nazi's and other choices. The Nazi's tried (did) terrorizing the other political oponents; they were allowed to do this with out any interference or trouble, since the Nazi's controlled the police. In this case, the Nazi's had recieved the most votes.
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The Night of the Long Knives (Rohm Purge)
The Night of the Long Knives was called "the Blood Purge." This was a purge ordered by Hitler of potential political rivals in Sturmabteilung. The purge was mostly targeting as Hitler would call "political enemies." This occured late Saturday night, June 30 and ended two days latter. After the "Night of the Long Knives" Hitler had eliminated both real and perceived opposition in the Nazi Party.
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Hitler openly announces to his cabinet he will defy the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler had announced that Germany would not obey these restrictions which limited the sieze of the army, Hitler wanted to take great risks because the Leauge failed to stop Germany from advancing. It is believed that not only Adolf broke the Treaty but Britain and France for allowing these things. One way he broke the treaty was by the Rhineland (declared a demilitarised zone.)
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Creation of the Nuremberg Laws
The Numbering Lawswere statuses, and this made a big step in removing Jewish influences from Aryan society. Hitler made these laws simply because he believed there needed to be more restrictions on Germany's Jews. Hitler wanted to present these new laws at the Numbering Party Rally and to do this, he only had 2 days to write them, so they were indeed very histily, they even wrote notes at mealtimes on cards as they put the laws together.
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Italy Invades Ethiopia
It is belived thatItaly invaded Ethiopiafor many reasons; One, for revenge for an earlier defeat in 1896, two; they wanted "National Honor" and they knew Ethiopia was weak so they could get away with. Three; they wanted colonies in Africa like England and France and lastly the wanted access to the Red Sea. Ethiopia's defeated the Italian forces at the Battle of Adowa before in 1896 and they also killed 200 soilders at the Wal-Wal Oasis in Abyssinian.
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Hitler Militarizes the Rhineland
Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact by sending German military forces into the Rhineland. Germany's military forces were reduced to insignificance and the Rhineland was to be demilitarized. Hitler promised vengeance against the Allied nations that had forced the Treaty of Versailles on the German people, he canceled the military clauses of the treaty began remilitarizing of the Rhineland. He later invaded Poland, leading to the outbreak of World War II.
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First Anti-Semitic Law is passed in Germany
Anti-Semitic or "Anti-Jew" were lasw banning the Jews from almost everything. This was their intention to segregate Jews from Aryan society and to abrogate their rights. They made hundreds of laws, decrees, directives, guidelines, and regulations that restricted the civil and human rights of the Jews. More than 2,000 anti-Jewish measures were put into effect.
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Rape of Nanking
The Japanese Army marched into Nanking (a city in China) and murdered 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city, and this lasted them six long weeks. This would be the worst atrocity during the World War II Era. Before this occured, Japan and China went to battle; this was called "Battle at Shanghai" and Japan did not win as easily as they thought they woulkd so they proceded "Rape of Naking" to get there revenge. Pregnet women were raped, then they slit their Refrences: -
Germany Annexes Austria
German troops march into Austria to annex the German nation of the Third-Reich. This is Germany's second time trying to seize the Austrian government by force and unite their nation with Nazi Germany. They were appointed a new Nazi government, and the Anschluss was proclaimed. Austria was a federal state of Germany until the end of World War II.
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Munich Conference
The Munich conference was where the agreement permitting Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland was signed This was during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. It came as a result of a long series of negotiations. Five months later, Hitler broke the spirit of the agreement by dismembering the rest of Czechoslovakia. "Munich" became a symbol of appeasement.
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Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
Hitler took over Austri before, and it came pretty easily for him. Then he had something else in mind; Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, mainly because they were German speaking. Though shortly after he took over the Sudetenland he wanted control over the whole Czechoslovakia.
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Kristallnacht
This event was also known as Night of Broken Glass. A 17 year old Jewish youth from Germany got a postcard saying his father got deported to Poland, this made Herschel want to evenge for his father so he shot a German diplomat. The Nazi's heard this and they pretext to launch an attack on the Jews, they attacked businesses, homes, and synagogues in Germany and Austria(the broken glass is where they got the name.) They killed about 100 Jews and took 30,000 to concentration camps.
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Einstein’s letter to FDR, “The Manhattan Project”
This was a letter that Einstein wrote to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, for the possibility of constructing "extremely powerful bombs" Einstein was hinting that the German government will likely doint this. Itis said that it is most likely written by Leo Szilard. but Einstein's took full credit for it and called it "the greatest mistake." After reading the letter’s, President Roosevelt told his military “This requires action.” This would evolve into the Manhattan Project.
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
This was pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, this divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. The Soviet Union had been unable to reach an agreement with Britain and France against Nazi Germany, and this was at the time of the Munich Conference. According to the agreement, Russia would have control over Latvia, Estonia, and Finland; Germany would gain control over Lithuania and Danzig.
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Nazi invasion of Poland
The Luftwaffe sent its bombers and fighters to attack airfields, rail heads and anything else that seemed important. France and Britain declared war on Germany and this was no help to Poland. Poland was then divided between the Soviets and Nazi Germany. Hitler then latter attacked the Soviet Union. It is said the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. Hitler had said the conquest of Poland would bring Lebensraum (living space.)
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Evacuation of Dunkirk
This was also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, and it's code name was Operation Dynamo. This started when the British, French, and Belgian troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France. By the ninth day, a total of 338,226 soldiers had been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 boats (merchant marine boats, fishing boats, pleasure craft, and lifeboats.) The British Expeditionary Force lost 68,000 soldiers.
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France Surrenders
France surrenders to Germany, however thousand's of people flee to England to countinue fighting or to join the "French Underground Resistance." French arranged an armistice with the Nazis and more than half of France was occupied by the Germans. Petain (French General) and Leval (French politician) were captured, found with treson and sentenced to die, however the French Gerneral was not killed, they decided to punish him with life in imprisonment.
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Battle of Britain
The Luftwaffe wanted to attack ships in the English Channel and coastal towns and defences. They latter shifted their focus to airfields and radar bases and tried to force air battles between fighter planes, to break British strenth. The Luftwaffe then changed their minds again to see about destroying London and other major cities. Hitler's air force had failed to gain air superiority, so he postponed the plans to invade Britain. The RAF lost around 1,023 aircrafts and Luftwaffe1887
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The Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact was originally signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, this was a typical European-style mutual defense treaty between the nations. The nations would have to unite against any aggressor who had violated the sovereignty of any of the three nations. The Pact was signed with the intention to force the United States to remain isolationist and out of WWII.
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Lend Lease Act
This Act was was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations. This made the president's transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to. Many countrie such as Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and Brazil received weapons under this law. the act enabled the British to keep fighting until events led America into the conflict. The Act brought the U.S. closer to entering WWII.
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Operation Barbarossa
Hitler launched his armies of over three million soldiers, 150 divisions, and 3,000 tanks; into a massive invasion of the Soviet Union. The invasion covered 2,000 miles. Barbarossa was the crucial turning point in World War II. It's failure caused Nazi Germany to fight a two-front war, that they could not win.
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. Japan destroyed 20 American naval vessels,8 huge battleships, almost 200 airplanes and more than 2,000 Americans soldiers/sailors were killed and 1,000 were wounded. President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan after the bombings. Only a few days latter, Japanese allies Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States and this also led us into WWII.
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Creation of the United Nations
This was a Declaration issued by Roosevelt and Churchil and signed by 26 represenatives of the countries and they vowed to create an international postwar peacekeeping organization. Tthe signatories agreed to use all available resources to defeat the Axis powers, they ensured “life, liberty, independence, and religious freedom, and to preserve the rights of man and justice.” Negotiating and maintaining the peace was the responsibility of the new United Nations.
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The Wannsee Conference and the “Final Solution”
The Wannsee was a lake in a wealthy section of Berlin at a villa; this is where the "Wannsee Conference" got their name. The "final solution" was the Nazis' code name for genoicde for all European Jews, they used this code to hide their mass murder from the rest of the world. The conference is where the men talked about the Final Solution and how they were going to exterminate the Jews. But this did not did not mark the beginning of the "Final Solution."
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Bataan Death March
The Japanese had captured Manila and the American's were forced to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula, many died from disease and hunger, so U.S. General Edward King Jr. surrendered his 75,000 troops. The Japanese forced the troops to march 65 miles from Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando and this took about 5 days to complete. However many died on the way due to starvation and abusment (beatings.)
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Doolittle Raid
Doolittle Raid was the first U.S. air raid to strike the Japanese home islands. This was an operation in which U.S. Army Air Forces bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier into combat. Doolittle, carried the Battle of the Pacific to the heart of the Japanese empire. 13 bombers targeted Tokyo; the others struck Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe.
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Battle of Midway
The Battle is considered one of the most decisive battles of WWII. The Battle destroyed Japan’s naval strength and their navy never recovered from its mauling at Midway. United States aircrafts attacked and sunk 4 Japanese carriers, forcing Yamamoto to withdrawal. This was the turning point of WWII. the commander of Japan came up with a plan to draw the remaining ships of the US Pacific Fleet into a battle where they could be destroyed. The U.S had roughly 340 deaths; Japan: 3,057.
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Battle of Stalingrad
This battle was a Soviet victory and turning point in the European Theater. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union. The Battle was one of the bloodiest battles in history with about 2 million deaths. Germans saw the Battle essential to their campaign. General Paulus (German) surrendered what remained of his army. About 150,000 Germans died in the Battle. This was humiliation for Hitler.
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Operation Torch
The name was given to the Allied invasion of French North Africa. This opperation was the first time the British and Americans had jointly worked on an invasion plan together. The British did not feel strong enough to attack Germany via France. The plan was to invade Sicily, Italy and then Europe.The Allies planned to invade Morocco and Algeria. This would clear the Mediterranean Sea of Axis shipping and leave it for the Allies.
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Island Hopping
After the Battle of Midway, the U.S launched a strike called "Island Hopping," this was to capture key islands that were not strongly defended by the Japanese. They took control of these islands and constructed landing strips and military bases then from there they would attack more islands, the U.S eventually got closer and closer to Japan. They came up with a plan to take over the Solomon Islands, and this was codenamed “Cartwheel.”
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Operation Overlord and D-Day
This Operation was codenamed; Operation Overload. This was where the Allies invade Western Europe in the largest amphibious attack in history from Nazi's. 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on a beach that were 50 miles long (Omaha Beach.) The Allies conducted a campaign to disguise the invasion target. The Allies defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings had been called ¨the begining of the end of war in Europe.¨
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Operation Valkyrie
Valkyrie was the failed plot to murder Hitler. This was a plan approved by Hitler, (ironically) and was to be put into operation only if there was an error in communication between Hitler and Nazi Germany of the Allied bombing. Stauffenberg smuggled an explosive briefcase into a meeting with Hitler and 22 other people. The bomb was placed on the table and it killed 4 people but Hitler happened to survive it. Latter Stauffenberg and 3 others were killed by the firing squad in Berlin.
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Discovery of Majdanek
The Majdanek was one of the first concentration/extermination camps found by the Allies. The Soviet troops liberated this camp on July 23, 1944. A documentary was filmed by the Russians and was shown at the Majdanek Memorial Site in the Visitor's Center. The Nazi's evacuated 15,000 prisoners and found 800,000 pairs of shoes. This camp was only miles from the city, where people knew about this camp. After it was found, the Soviets took the citizens and showed them the horror.
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Battle of the Bulge
The Battle of the Bulge got its name because the line defining the Allied front appeared to look like a "bulge." This Battle was also known as " Battle of the Ardennes." This was the deadliest and most desperate battle of the war, attacked by 3 German armies.This was fought in the frozen forests of the Ardennes. This was the most expensive Battle for the U.S; they had 100,000 casualties. This was an Allied Victory, and this was Hitler's last offensive Battle.
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Hitler’s Suicide
The Russians were only a day from overtaking the chancellery, so Hitler chose suicide. Hitler went down to his bunker with his mistress, other high ranking leaders, and his german shepherds. It is believd that Hitler and his mistress swollowed a cyanide capsule, then Hitler shot himself with his pistol first and his mistress second, to be sure he actually died (if he didn't, she was told to kill him.) No one knows where Hitler's body is actually at, or what happened to it after death
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V-E Day
V-E Day stands for "Victory in Japan." This announced the official end of WWII. The Germans finally surendured and this was realized in a final cease-fire. The only main concern for Germany was to avoid being captured and took as prisoners. About 1 million Germans attempted a mass exodus but were stopped by Russian's and taken captive. The Russian's took about 2 million people to use as prisoners.
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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
An American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over Hiroshima (in Japan.) It killed 90 percent of the city and 80,000 people and 10 thousand's more would later die of radiation exposure. A few days latter, they dropped another bomb called B-29, killing about 40,000 people. Another plane dropped a bomb-known as “Little Boy” above Hiroshima, a manufacturing center with 350,000 people. They then dropped another one, known as the “Fat Man.” Japan surrendured
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V-J Day
It was announced that Japan had surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, ending the war in the Pacific and WWII. There was even more joy brought when Japan’s formal surrender took place aboard the U.S.S. Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The Potsdam Declaration was issued by Allied leader to have Japan surrender. If they did they were promised a peaceful government and if they didn't, face “prompt and utter destruction.” When Japan didn't surrender, the U.S bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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The Nuremberg Trials
The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials, that were in Nuremberg, Germany, helled by the Allied forces. The purpose of the trials was to bring Nazi war criminals to justice. The Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward courts. Trials like these continued to take place, even in other countries too.
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The Japanese War Crime Trials
Government officals accused Japan for committing war crimes and crimes against humanity in WWII. This trial ended with 25 Japanese found guilty out of 28. One out of the 3 not found guilty was declared ¨ïnsane¨ and the other 2 died during the trials. 7 people were sentenced to death, 16 of them had to spend life in prison and the others got a lesser term in prison. The trials featured only one chief prosecutor. Other Japan judges found 5,000 Japanese citizens gulity.
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The beginning of the Cold War
The Cold War was an economic struggle with the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. The purpose of the War was to dominate international affairs for decades. The other major topic was between capitalism and communism, the U.S and the U.S.S.R had different opinions when it came to these topics. They thought that after WWII their relationship would be friendly, which is ironic. Neither sides had fought eachother before; the name got started by their relationship.
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