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Mussolini takes over Italy's Government
Following the First World War, Mussolini had chosen his destiny to create a sucessful rule, similar to the Roman Empire. In 1919, Mussolini had forged the Fascist government from his beforehand belief of Socialism.He had applied this when he became Prime Minister.
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Beer Hall Putsch
Adolf and the Nazis had attempted a coup de 'etat which came to be known as Munich Putsch. Hitler had tried to recreate a march similar to the "March on Rome". On Nov. 8, 8:30pm Hitler had made his move with the Bavarian triumvirate and attacked the Bürgerbräu Keller.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
Also known as the Pact of Paris, the Pact was one of the best attempts at keeping peace. Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand had agreed on turning the pact into a treaty. Many countries had signed on to the Pact and promised to settle international disputes with peaceful means.
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U.S. Stock Market Crash
The 1930 Stock Market Crash was a very dramatic drop that had many people and businesses bankrupt. Following the war, there was no need for the materials that were wade in the war nearly as much as it was during the war. This caused a 47% drop in stocks following the war.
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Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan had attacked Manchuria to slve the overpopulation of Japan. The League of Nations had done nothing to prevent the slow destruction of northern China. While Japan had not given attention to the Manchurian people, they did pay attention to the riches in minerals that Manchuria held.
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Hitler becomes Germany's Chancellor
Hitler had won a political battle and became the Chancellor of Germany. Hitler had realized that the 14 year old democracy had brought the country to a standstill. The only supporters that Adolf had was the Nazis that stood by him, not the Republic. References
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Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations
Japan had withdrawled for being blamed for the Manchurian incident. Matsuoka had plainly and simply said," We are not coming back." Japan had opposed the idea of international control of Manchuria and had claimed that having Manchuria was life or death for Japan.
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Nazi's reach a political majority in Germany
Soon after Hitler had became chancellor, he had started and idea called "Syncranization" which aligned organizations and state governments were forced to align with Nazi Rule. Much of Germany's culture had also been placed under the greater of the Nazi control.
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First Anti-Semitic Law is passed in Germany
The first law passed was called "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service". It promoted that all Non-Aryans leave. The also had not allowed there to be lawyers with Non- Aryan descent. Non- Aryans were not allowed in German schools.By the end of 1933, Jews coud not have most jobs.
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The night of the long knives (Rohm Purge)
Hitler had effectively planned mass murders and to kill high ranking political officers that were a part of the SA. Hitler had noticed that their views were far from his, and was in fear that he would lose control if the SA were not dealt with. The murders had totaled at least 84 people.
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Hitler openly announces to his cabinet he will defy the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler had built up a large army over the short time as Germany's ruler. Adolf had flooded an area called the Saar region with propaganda. He had also stated that Saarlanders "were ‘racially and linguistically almost pure Germans" and had joined Hitler.
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Creation of the Nuremberg Laws
These laws had classified if you were German, Mixed, or Jewish. If you had three or four grandparents that were Jewish, you were considered a Jew. Of you had two, then you were Mixed Blood. This chart had also listed allowed and forbidden marrigaes between Jews and Germans.
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Italy invades Ethiopia
taly had attacked Ethiopia without a declaration of war. The Leauge had considered them as an aggressor, but they did nothing. The Italians had lied to American journalists by saying that Ethiopia had treated their citizens badly. In 7 months, Italy had conquered Ethiopia.
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Hitler Remilitatizes the Rhineland
In 1925, The Locarno Pact was signed, reaffirming the boundaries that the Treaty of Versailles had decided on. A few years later, a German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann had negotiated the removal of all Allied troops in the Rhineland. In 1936, Hitler denounces the Locarno Pact, and began militarizing.
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Rape of Nanking
The Rape of Nanking was one of the worst atrocities with 300,000 deaths. Just before the Rape of Nanking, the Battle at Shanghai had chinese soldiers holding off the Japanese. Once the japanese had won, 50,000 soldiers moved on to Nanking. 6 weeks of carnage, burnings, stabbings, etc.
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Germany Annexes Austria
After months of nazi propaganda and a prolanged timespan of political dictatorship, German troops had entered Vienna, Austria with the citizens cheering them on. The next day, Austria was annexed by Germany. Soon after the annexation, Germany incorporated Anti-Jewish legislations.
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Munich Conference
Hitler was determined to seize the Sudetenland. He had said that the Sudetenland waould be taken by military in the near future. Then a man named Chaberlain would attempt to make a peaceful deal with Hitler reguarding the Sudetenland.They had agreed upon that he would recive areas where Germans were.
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Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
The Sudetenland was a previously German tate that was a part of Czechoslovakia. Hitler had exclaimed that "the Czech Govt. had been mistreating the Germans of the Sudetenland and Hitler wanted to rescue them". Soon Hitler had wanted the Sudetenland from the Czechs, but the Czechs would give it.
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Kristallnacht
The Nazis had staged Anti Jewish riots against Jewish areas and communities. They had desecrated over 7,000 Jewish businesses and destroyed many synagouges. Many people could do nothing to prevent it, not even the police or the firemen.
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact had given Germany the chance to attack western Europe without war on the Eastern side. It had gotten Russia back the territory that they had lost in WWI, which much of it was in north Europe. War was now inevitable.
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Nazi Invasion of Poland
he Polish army was defeated within three weeks of the start of the invasion. Germany had attacked with a staggering force of over 2000 tanks and 1000 planes. The Soviets had attacked on September 17, and the line between what they had conrolled was the Bug River. The Germans annexed new territory.
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Einstein’s letter to FDR, “The Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a national crash progeram racing to atomic weapons before the Nazis could. Einstien's letter had stated that uranium would become useful in the near future, along with the newly discovered nuclear fission.
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Evacuation of Dunkirk
Many troops had seen the Germans had the upper hand in the war. British troops had to leave France immediatley to be saved for the future defense of Britian. Every single boat in the area was used to get troops to Britian. The Mission had seemed unlikely, but they had rescued over 300,000 troops.
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France Surrenders
The Germans had unleashed their attack on France on May 10, and had managed to corner allied troops, forcing them to evacuate of Dunkirk. With little to no resistance left, France was easily captured.
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Battle of Britain
The Royal Air Force had to fend off the Luftwaffe's superior airforce, but they had been suprisingly evenly matched. Hitler had failed multiple times, but had still kept trying to attack with different strategys, but still ultimately failed. Hitler had focused his attention on the advance into the Soviet Union now.
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The Tripartite Pact
Japan, Itlay, and Germany had signed a peace pact to ally themselves with each other. It was a devensive pact, which meant that if one of the countries were to be attacked, they could help defend. ReferencesMore Info -
Lend Lease Act
The Act had FDR shipping money to other Allied countries. Much of the money had went to Britian and Russia, but other Allied countries had recived a smaller amount. The total amount of money that was given by 1945 was 48 billion dollars. ReferencesMore Info -
Operation Barbarossa
The Operation had broke the Nazi-Soviet treaty. The Germans
had used the Blitzkreig, a new tactic of fighting the Russians had never seen. 2 million Soviets were taken as POWs. Winter had halted the German's assault.
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor was a suprise attack on the U.S. Naval base on Oahu Island. Many had died and ships were destroyed during the bombing. This attack had announced the arrival of the U.S. into WWII. ReferencesMore Info -
Creation of the United Nations
The United Nations name had started to form when 26 nation had Allied and fught against the Axis. A few years after the war, 50 representatives of their countries had met and signed a charter. The UN was officially created on Oct. 24, 1945, or United Nations Day. ReferencesMore Info -
The Wannsee Conference and the “Final Solution”
All of the Nazi officials had gathered to decide what to do with the Jewish people and had decided that they would all be rounded up
and killed. There was other ideas, but they had to abandon those since it was wartime.
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Bataan Death March
The Japanese had tounded up 76,000 prisioners and had sent them on a grueling march that was 60 miles long. Many of the weak were killed if they did not continue with the march. The march had continued on for 5 to 12 days. ReferencesMore Info -
Doolittle Raid
Many B-25 Bombers had taken off from naval ships toward Tokyo. The bombers were forced to embark on the dangerous mission earlier than expected. Onaly a few bombs had hit, but the japanese had not taken it lightly, and had attempted to take out the U.S. naval vessels to prevent more air raids. ReferencesMore Info -
Battle of Midway
The Battle of MIdway was one of the turning points in the Pacific Theater of war. It was a giant naval battle that was mostly fought by air over Midway Island. The battle was a true military struggle, but the U.S. had managed to sink enough japanese ships to get them to retreat. ReferencesMore Info -
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the war for the Soviets. While there was 330,000 German troops to attack Stalingrad, the Red Army put up a good resistance. The winter had stopped the Germans from advancing.The Soviets had a counteroffensive and had caused the Germans to surrender.
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Island Hopping (date for Buna-Gona Campaign)
After the Battle of Midway, the U.S. had unleashed a counteroffensive known as Island Hopping. The Allies could not take Buna until they stormed it and finally caputred it in early 1943. Many other islands had been stormed ultimately leading up to Okinawa.
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Operation Torch
This was the mission to gain control of North Africa. Many cities had eventually surrendered to the advancing troops. The Vichy government had surrendered to the Allied troops hours just after their landing at Algiers.
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Operation Overlord and D-Day
Allied troops landed on the 50 mile long beach. The British and Canadians had less resistance at Gold, Juno, and Sword, while the Americans had a lot of resistance at Omaha. After a week of fighting and thousands dead, the Allies could finally ship vehicles and equipment to fight the Axis.
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Operation Valkyrie
Operation Valkyrie was the closest attempt at assassinating Hitler. Claus von Stauffenburg was a German nationalist who believed Hitler was leading them th their deaths. The breifcase bomb had killed 4, but not Hitler. Stauffenburg was executed on July 21st.
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Discovery of Majdanek
The Soviets had saved many POWs when liberateing the camp. Some of the prisoners had been evacuated by the Nazis. The Red Army had demanded to see the gas chambers after liberating the camp, which not many had seen. They had saw the horrors of the camp, including the shoe pile of the dead prisoners.
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Battle of the Bulge
The Germans had attepmted to push back the Allied forces, and had succeded in some areas. Soldiers had fought at cities in sub-zero temperatures. The Germans had retreated in early 1945 with more than 100,000 casualities.
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Hitler’s Suicide
The war was nearing an end, and not in Hitler's favor. The Allies were closing in on Berlin, and Hitler had said his last goodbyes to the Nazi members hiding in the bunker with him. April 30th, Hitler had committed suicide and was found dead with a gunshot wound to the temple in his quarters.
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V-E Day
May 8th marks the Allied victory in Europe in WWII. Germany had surrendered with the Reich gone had Hitler dead. V-E Day is the day we celebrate to honor the war's end.
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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The U.S. had unleashed something never before seen in war, the Atomic bomb. The japanese had been trying to comprehend what had happened when the U.S. bombed Hiroshima. A few days later, Nagasaki was bombed. It was estimated that 140,000 died, some immediatley, some of radiation poisoning.
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The Nuremberg Trials
12 Nazis had been put on trial for the killings of the Jewish. Those that were directly involved with the killings served more sentence time than the others. Many had fled or had died who were being tried for these crimes, including Adolf Hitler, who committed suicide.
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V-J Day
Aug. 15 was the victory day for the Allies in the Pacific. The japanese did not officially surrender until Sep. 2, but both dates were considered the holiday known as V-J Day.
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The Japanese War Crime Trials
25 of 28 Japanese defendants were found guilty, two had died, and one was declared insane. They had been charged for the Rape of Nanking and for brutalizing Allied POWs. Tojo and six others were executed for these crimes.
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The beginning of the Cold War
Truman had wanted to contain the ideology of Communism within Russia and keep it there. It had started to spread in areas where the Soviets had won, like Itlay had how the new electorals had been Communists. This would lead to an actual war in Korea later in time.
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