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Allies
It consisted of France, Britain, and Russia, also later known as the Triple Entente. -
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary with Ottoman Empire were known Central Powers. -
1914 Assassination of Archduke
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife Sophie were shot by the member of the Black hand, an organization prompting Serbian nationalism, while driving through out the city of Bosnian capital Sarajevo. -
Schlieffen Plan
Germany invaded Belgium. It called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris. After France had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia. As German troops swept across Belgium, thousands of civilians fled in terror. In Brussels, the Belgian capital, an American war correspondent described the fist major refugee crisis of the 20th century. -
Sinking of British liner Lusitania
A U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania off the southern coast of Ireland. Of the 1198 persons lost, 128 were Americans. The Germans defended their action on the grounds that the liner carried ammunition. Despite Germany's explanation, Americans became outraged with Germany because of the loss of life. American public opinion turned against the Central Powers. -
Sinking of British liner Arabic
A U-boat sank another British liner, the Arabic, 3 months later after it sank the liner Lusitania, drowning two Americans. Germany agreed not to sink any more passenger shops this time. -
Sinking of French passenger liner Sussex
Germany broke the promise from the liner Arabic's sank- including Americans, about 80 passengers were killed or injured. Once again the United States warned that it would break off diplomatic relations unless Germany changed its tactics. Germany agreed with a condition: if the US could not persuade Britain to lift tits blockade against food and fertilizers, Germany would consider renewing unrestricted submarine warfare. -
Battle of the Somme
It began on July 1, 1916 and lasted until mid-November. -
Trench warfare
Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million, yet only about seven miles of ground changed hands. Armies fought for mere yards of ground, continued for over three years in this bloody warfare. The fighting was just as devastating and inconclusive. -
Wilson's "Peace without victory speech"
After Wilson's re-election, he tried to mediate between the warring alliances. In a speech, the president called for "a peace without victory," in which neither side would impose harsh terms on the other. Wilson hoped that all nations would join in a "league for peace" that would work to extend democracy, maintain freedom of the seas, and reduce armaments. -
Zimmerman note
It is a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents. It proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised that if war with the US broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona." Next came the sinking of four unarmed American merchant ships, with a loss of 36 lives. -
Germany blockades the North Sea
German coast to prevent weapons and other military supplies from getting through. However, the British expanded the blockade to neutral ports and mined the entire North Sea. American ships carrying goods for Germany refused to challenge the blockade and seldom reached their destination. Germany found it increasingly difficult to import foodstuffs and fertilizers for crops. As estimated 750000Germans starved to death as a result of the British. blockade. -
Anti-German sentiment in America
Many Americans born in Germany and have German names were attacked as war begun- many of them lost their jobs. Orchestras refused to play German artists' musics. People removed German cultures, like languages and books, from education and town and even resorted to violence against German Americans. -
Committee on Public Information and the "four minute men"
The Committee on Public Information is the first propaganda agency of nation set up by the government to popularize the war. Four-Minute Men was a group of 75000men to spoke about every related things to the war: the draft, rationing, bond drives, etc. -
Selective Service Act of 1917
It required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. Of this number, almost 3 million were called up. -
American Expeditionary Force and General John J. Pershing
The American Expeditionary Force was led by General John J. Pershing, included men from widely separated parts of the country. Pershing believed in aggressive combat and felt three years of trench warfare had made the Allies too defensive. -
Convoy System
It was convinced by American Vice Admiral William S. Sims to British- a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. By fall of 1917, shipping losses had been cut in half. -
Food Administration
The Food Administration was set up by President Wilson under Herbert Hoover. He called on people to follow the gospel of the clean plate, meatless, sweetless, wheatless and prokless. -
Big Bill Haywood and the IWW
Big Bill Haywood was one of the leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World(IWW) and was accused of sabotaging the war effort because they urged workers to strike for better conditions and higher pay. Heywood served long term in prison and fled to Russia. The IWW faded away under federal pressure. -
369th Infantry Regiment
Most African Americans were assigned to noncombat duties, although there were excluded from the navy and marines. It was known for being the first African American regiment to serve with the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. It saw more continuous duty on the front lines than any other American regiment. -
Bolshevik Revolution
Revolutionaries ousted the czar in March 1917 and established a provisional government in Russia. In November, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, overthrew the provisional government. They set up a Communist state and sought peace with the Central Powers. It was on October, 25th in old style. -
Wilson's Fourteen Points
It is the speech of Wilson gave before Congress. The points were in big 3 groups. The first five points were issues that Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war. -
Shell shock, trench foot, and trench mouth
Shell shock was a complete emotional collapse from which many never recovered during World War 1. Trench foot was caused by standing in cold wet trenches for long time without changing into dry socks and boots. Toes would turn red or blue, then become numb, and finally start to rot. Trench mouth was a painful infection of the gums and throat, and was also common in soldiers. -
National War Labor Board
National War Labor Board was established by President Wilson for dealing with disputes between management and labor. Workers who disobey to it could lose their draft exemptions. -
Raising money for the war
The US government raised about one-third of 35.5 billion dollars through taxes, including an income tax, war-profit tax and higher excise taxes on luxury goods and liberty loans. -
War Industries Board
It was established in 1917 but reorganized n 1918 under Bernard M. Baruch. It encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. -
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Espionage and Sedition Acts made a person could be fined up to 10000 dollars and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort. Espionage was passed by Congress in June 1917, and Sedition Act was passed in May 1918. -
Eugene V. Debs arrest
Eugene V. Debs spoke out against the war and the draft and was handed a ten-year prison sentence for it. -
Second Battle of the Marne
It was the turning point of the war- allies advance steadily after defeating Germans. -
Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman was the anarchist who received a two-year prison sentence and a 10000 dollar fine for organizing the No Conscription League. The authorities deported her to the Russia when she left jail. -
Conscientious objector
CPnscientious objector is a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds, pointing out that the Bible says "Thou shalt not kill." -
Austria-Hungary surrenders ti the Allies
Austria Hungary surrendered to the Allies on November 3th. German sailors mutinied against government authority. -
Establishment of the German Republic
Socialist leaders in Berlin established a German Republic and the kaiser gave up the throne. -
Cease-fire and armistice
Although there were no Allied soldiers on German territory and decisive battle had been fought, the Germans were too exhausted to continue fighting. So at the eleventh hour, of Nov. 11th in 1918, Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice(truce) that ended the war. -
Agreements made in the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles established nine new nations and shifted the bounderies of other nations. The treaty barred Germany from maintaining army and required to return region of Alsace-Lorraine to France and pay reparations-33 billion dollars to the Allies. -
Reparations and the War Guild Clause
It is forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting World War 1. It was in the Treaty of Versailles. -
Victor Berger
Victor Berger was a socialist congressman from Wisconsin and had antiwar views. He was refused to seat the House if Representatives because of his view.
