World history honors midterm

Cahokia falls

1350 BCE

Cahokia’s success bred its downfall and as woodlands fell to the axe and the soil lost its nutrients, timber and food became scarce. Soon the creeks that fed its water system could not keep up with demand, engineers changed their course, but to now avail. By 1350, the city was practically empty

Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage

Period: 1324 BCE to 1325 BCE

The Mali king Mansa Musa made a celebrated hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, in 1324-1325, traveling through Cairo and impressing crowds with the size of his retinue including his soldiers, wives, consorts and as many as 12,000 slaves and his display of wealth, especially many dazzling items made of gold.

Mansa Musa

Period: 1312 BCE to 1332 BCE

the Mali king that made a pilgrimage through Cairo

Islamic heartland had fractured into three regions

1300 BCE

By the thirteenth century ce, the Islamic heartland had fractured into three regions. In the east, (Central Asia, Iran, and eastern Iraq), the remnants of the old Abbasid state persevered with a succession of caliphs claiming to speak for all of Islam yet deferring to their Turkish military commanders.

Influence of Islam

1300 BCE

By 1300, Islam’s influence spanned Afro-Eurasia and reached multitudes of non-Arab converts. While Arabic remained the primary language of religious devotion, Persian became the language of Islamic philosophy and art and Turkish the language of the Islamic Law and administration. Islam attracted city dwellers and rural peasants alike, as well as its original audience of desert nomads. Islam’s extraordinary universal appeal generated an intense cultural flowering around 1000 ce.

Print culture crystallized the distinct identity for China

1300 BCE

Of all Afro-Eurasian societies in 1300, the Chinese were the most advanced in their use of printing, book publishing and circulation, in part due to the invention of a movable type printing press by the artisan Bi Sheng around 1040.

Mande speaking merchants & their growth

1300 BCE

By 1300, Mande speaking merchants had followed the Senegal River to its outlet on the Atlantic coast and then pushed their commercial frontiers further inland and down the coast. Thus, even before European explorers and traders arrived in the mid-fifteenth century, West African peoples had created dynamic networks linking the hinterlands with coastal trading hubs.

Kublai Khan’s last conquest

1293 BCE

The last Song capital falls

1276 BCE

Bar Sawma and Markos

1270 BCE

In the late 1270s two Christian monks, Bar Sawma and Markos, voyaged from what is now Beijing into the heart of the Islamic world.

Mongols head directly back east into the soft underbelly of the Song state

1270 BCE

Hulagu reaches Abbasid Baghdad

1258 BCE

Hulagu reached Abbasid Baghdad in 1258, he encountered a feeble foe and a city that was a shadow of its former glorious self.

The Mongols invaded Korea

1231 BCE

Jean de Joinville

Period: 1225 BCE to 1317 BCE

a French chronicler of Louis X of France who led the Seventh Crusade, marveled at the order within the sultan’s camp and the role of musicians in calling the Muslim forces to hear the Sultan’s orders.

Kublai Khan

Period: 1215 BCE to 1294

Kublai Khan seized southern China from the Song Dynasty in the 1260s

Accounts of a children’s crusade

1212 BCE

Over time, the Crusades drew together a range of peoples from varied walks of life in common purpose

Jalal-al Din Rumi

Period: 1207 BCE to 1273 BCE

Spiritual founder of the Mevlevi Sufi order, which became famous for the ceremonial dancing of the whirling devotees.

Mongol expansion begins

1206 BCE

The Mongol expansion began in 1206 under a united cluster of tribes. These tribes were unified by a gathering of clan heads who chose one of those present, Temujin, as Khan, or Supreme ruler.

Delhi Sultanate

Period: 1206 BCE to 1526 BCE

A Turkish-Muslim regime in Northern India that, through its tolerance for cultural diversity, brought political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity. The most powerful and enduring of the Turkish Muslim regimes of Northern India. Rulers brought political integration but also strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that were already a hallmark of the Indian social order

The change in Christianity

1200 BCE

The Christianity for post-Roman Europe had been a religion of monks and its most dynamic centers were great monasteries. Members of the laity were expected to revere and support their monks, nuns, and clergy, but not to imitate them. By 1200, all this had changed, the internal colonization of Western Europe, the clearing of woods and founding of villages ensured that parish churches arose in all but the wildest landscapes. Now the clergy reached more deeply into the private lives of the laity.

Francis of Assisi & his influence

Period: 1182 BCE to 1226 BCE

Emerged an order of preachers who brought a message of repentance. Franciscans encouraged the laity from the poorest to the elite to feel remorse for their wrongdoings to confess their sins to local priests and to strive to be better Christians.

China’s new ruling elite

1100 BCE

By 1100, ranks of learned men had accumulated sufficient power to become China’s new ruling elite. This expansion of the civil service examination system was crucial to a shift in power from the still significant hereditary aristocracy to a less wealthy but more highly schooled class of scholar-officials.

Crusades begin

1100 BCE

In the late eleventh century, Western Europeans launched the Crusades, a wave of attacks against the Muslim world.

Mande speaking peoples & initial spread

1100 BCE

By the eleventh century, Mande-speaking peoples were spreading their cultural, commercial and political hegemony from the savanna grasslands southward into the woodlands and tropical rain forests stretching to the Atlantic Ocean

Timbuktu & its influence & when it was founded

1100 BCE

The city of Timbuktu founded around 1100 as a seasonal camp for nomads, it grew in size and importance under the patronage of various Mali kings. By the fourteenth century it was a thriving commercial, intellectual, and religious center famed for its large three mosques, which are still standing.

Great Zimbabwe

1100 BCE

Around 1100, Great Zimbabwe stood supreme among the Shona. Built on the fortunes made from gold, its most impressive landmark was a massive elliptical building made of stones fitted so expertly that they needed no grouting

Western Europe and the Franks

Period: 1100 BCE to 1200

Western Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Franks became the unchallenged rulers after the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, yet they oversaw a somewhat fragmented manor-based economy and social structure. The peasantry’s subjugation to this knightly class was at the heart of a system scholars have called feudalism but a more accurate term for it was manioralism.

The voyages of pioneering peasants

Period: 1100 BCE to 1200 BCE

Between 1100 and 1200 and as many as 200,000 pioneering peasants emigrated from present-day Belgium, Holland, and northern Germany to the frontiers of Europe ( now Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and the Baltic states)

Starting in 1097, an armed host of around 60,000 men set out from northwestern Europe to seize Jerusalem.

1097 BCE

Starting in 1097, an armed host of around 60,000 men set out from northwestern Europe to seize Jerusalem. The crusading forces included knights in heavy armor as well as people drawn from Europe’s impoverished masses, who joined the movement to help besige cities and construct a network of castles as the Christian knights drove their frontier forward

The First Crusade

1095 BCE

The First Crusade began in 1095 when Pope Urban II appealed to the warrior nobility of France to put their violence to good use: they should combine their role as pilgrims to Jerusalem with that of soldiers in order to free the Christian “holy land” from Muslim rule. Such a just war, the clergy proposed, was a means for absolution, not sin

Usamah inn Munqidh

Period: 1095 BCE to 1188 BCE

A learned Syrian leader, describes his shock at the Frankish Crusaders’ backward medical practices and the freedom they offered their wives, in addition to well meaning exchanges such as particular Frank’s confusion about the direction in which Muslims pray.

Capture of Toledo

1061 BCE

Beginning with the capture of Toledo in 1061, the Christian kings of northern Spain slowly pushed back the Muslims.

Shiite Buyid family surrendered to invading Seljuk-turks

1055 BCE

Seljuk warriors ultimately took Baghdad in 1055

1055 BCE

When the Seljuk warriors ultimately took control of Baghdad in 1055, they established a nomadic state in Mesopotamia over a once powerful Abbasid State that now lacked the resources to defend its lands and its peoples, weakened by famines and pestilence

Seljuk Turks flood the Iranian plateau

1029 BCE

When the Seljuk Turks flooded the Iranian plateau in 1029, they contributed to the end of the magnificent cultural flourishing of the early eleventh century.

Islam grown into a political and religious empire

1000 BCE

By 1000 ce, Islam had originally founded as a radical religious revolt in the small corner of the Arabian peninsula had grown into a vast political and religious empire.

Two Christianities: Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy

1000 BCE

By the year 1000 ce, then, there were two Christianities, the new and confident “borderland” Roman Catholicism of Western Europe and an Ancient Greek Orthodoxy.

Chola dynasty supporting the port of Quilon

1000 BCE

In South India, the Chola dynasty supported the port of Quilon which was the nerve center of maritime trade between China and the Red Sea and the Mediterranean

Maritime Trade

1000 BCE

By the tenth century ce, sea routes were becoming more important than land networks for long distance trade, Improved navigational aids, better map making, refinements in shipbuilding, and new political support for shipping made seaborne trade easier and slashed its cost. These developments also fostered the growth of maritime commercial hubs (called anchorages), which further facilitated the expansion of maritime trade.

China: preeminent world power in 1000 ce, despite its recent turmoil

1000 BCE

Shona speaking peoples & their growth

1000 BCE

By 1000 ce, the Shona had founded up to fifty small religious and political centers, each one erected from stone to display its power over the peasant villages surrounding it.

Mesoamerica in 1000 ce

1000 BCE

Mesoamerica had seen the rise and fall of several complex societies, including Teotihuacan and the Maya. Caravans of porters bound the region together, working the intricate roads that connected the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific and the southern lowlands of Central America.

India becoming diverse and the most tolerant region in Afro-Eurasia

Period: 1000 BCE to 1300 BCE

During the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth centuries India became the most diverse and in some respects, the most tolerant region in Afro-Eurasia. India in this era arose as an impressive but fragile mosaic of cultures, religions and ethnicities.

Europe: a region of strong contrasts

Period: 1000 BCE to 1300 BCE

Europe from 1000 to 1300 ce was a region of strong contrasts. Intensely localized power was balanced by a shared sense of Europe’s place in the world, especially with respect to the Christian identity. Some inhabitants even began to believe in the existence of something called “Europe” and started to refer to themselves as Europeans.

Sub-Saharan and the Americas influence

Period: 1000 BCE to 1300 BCE

From 1000-1300 ce, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas became far more internally integrated culturally, economically and politically than before. Islam’s spread and the growing trade in gold, slaves and other commodities brought Sub-Saharan Africa more fully into the exchange networks of the Eastern hemisphere, but the Americas remained isolated from Afro-Eurasian networks for several more centuries.

Commercial exchange and Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas

Period: 1000 BCE to 1300 BCE

Commercial exchange contributed significantly to greater integration in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas from 1000-1300 ce, slaves, gold, salt, and ivory in Sub-Saharan Africa, and urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and at Chan-Chan, Tula, and Cahokia in the Americas. By 1300, trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean exchange had brought Africa into full-fledged Afro-Eurasian networks of exchange.

Afro-Eurasian Trade

Period: 1000 BCE to 1300 BCE

Mahmud of Ghazna

Period: 998 BCE to 1030 BCE

launched many expeditions from the Afghan heartland into northern India and eager to win status with Islam, made his capital, Ghanzi, a center of Islamic learning which later became known as the Ghaznavid Empire.

The Vikings reached continental North America

982 BCE

By 982 ce, the Vikings even reached continental North America and established a settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows on the Labrador coast.

Fatimids conquer Egypt

969 BCE

The Fatimids set themselves against the Abbassid caliphs of Baghdad, refusing to acknowledge their legitimacy and claiming to speak for the whole Islamic world.

Zhao Kuangyin ends the fragmentation in China

960 BCE

In 960 ce, Zhao Kuangyin a military general, ended the fragmentation, reunified China and assumed the Mandate of Heaven for the Song Dynasty.

Zhao Kuangyin and his civil service examinations

Period: 960 BCE to 976 BCE

Zhao Kuangyin or Emperor Taizu himself administered the final test for all who had passed the highest-level palace examination. As well, discussed in timespan, he reunified China from splintered kingdoms.

The growth of Shiism

Period: 950 BCE to 1050 BCE

From 950 to 1050 ce, it appeared that Shiism would be the vehicle for uniting the Islamic world. The Fatimid Shiites had established their authority over Egypt and much of North Africa and the Abbasid state in Baghdad was controlled by a Shiite family, the Buyids.

Silla surrenders to the Goryeo kingdom

935 BCE

Abu al-Qasim Firdawsi

Period: 920 BCE to 1020 BCE

A devout Muslim who believed in the importance of pre-Islamic Sassanian traditions. In the epic poem, Sha Namah he celebrated the origins of Persian culture and narrated the history of the Iranian highland peoples from the dawn of time to the Muslim conquest

Abd-al-Rahman III

Period: 912 BCE to 961 BCE

Abd-al-Rahman brought peace and stability to a violent frontier region where civil conflict had disrupted commerce and intellectual exchange.

Abu Abdullah overthrew the Sunni ruler, beginning the Fatimid regime

909 BCE

Fall of Tang China

907 BCE

After, misrule, court intrigues, economic exploitation, and popular rebellions weakened the empire, but the dynasty held on over a century until the northern invaders toppled it in 907 ce.

Tang dynasty splintered to a regional kingdom led by military generals

907 BCE

Tang state openly persecutes Buddhism

900 BCE

By the mid-ninth century, the Tang state openly persecuted Buddhism. Daoist and Confucian leaders felt threatened by the growing influence of Buddhist monks and nuns, and they argued that Buddhism’s values conflicted with native traditions.

The change of view of the pope

900 BCE

By the ninth century ce, the picture of the pope had changed, believers from the distant north saw only one papa left in Western Europe: Rome’s pope. Christians in northern borderlands wanted to find a religious leader for their hopes, and the Catholic Church of Western Europe united behind the symbolic center of Rome and its popes.

The Vikings sacking great monasteries

900 BCE

In the ninth century ce, the Vikings set their ships on both courses, they sacked the great monasteries along the coasts of Ireland and Britain and overlooking the Rhine and Seine Rivers.

Khmer Empire

Period: 889 BCE to 1431 BCE

Important Vedic and Buddhist kingdoms emerged in Southeast Asia, the most powerful and wealthy of these kingdoms were the Khmer Empire, with its capital at Angkor, in present-day Cambodia. One of the greatest temple complexes in Angkor (Angkor Wat) exemplified the Khmer’s heavy borrowing from the Vedic Indian architecture and the revival of the Hindu pantheon within the Khmer royal state, Kingdoms like the Khmer empire functioned as political buffers between the strong states of China and India.

Vikings gathering ominously beneath the walls of Constantinople

860 BCE

In 860 ce, more than 200 Viking longships gathered ominously beneath the walls of Constantinople in the straits of Bosporus. What they found was not a broken down state, they found a city with a population exceeding 100,000 protected by well-engineered late-Roman walls.

Balance of power among the eunuchs and city officials

838 BCE

By 838 ce, the delicate balance of power among throne, eunuchs, and civil officials had evaporated. Eunuchs became an unruly political force in late Tang politics , and their competition for influence produced political instability.

Empress Wuzong and persecution of Buddhism in the Tang State

Period: 814 BCE to 846 BCE

Empress Wuzong closed more than 4,600 monasteries and destroyed 40,000 temples and shrines.

Al-Rashid’s elephant died

813 BCE

When Al-Rashid’s elephant died in 813 ce, the Franks viewed it as an omen of coming disasters and it was indeed.

Emperor Xianzong

Period: 806 BCE to 820 BCE

Under Emperor Xianzong, eunuchs actuated as a third pillar of the government, working alongside the official bureaucracy and the imperial court.

Harun al-Rashid sends Charlemagne an elephant

802 BCE

In 802 ce, Harun al-Rashid sent the gift of an elephant to Charlemagne, already the King of the Franks for three decades and recently crowned by the pope in Rome as “ Holy Roman Emperor”. The Franks interpreted the gift as an acknowledgment of Charlemagne’s power, Rashid more likely sent the rare beast as a gracious reminder of his own formidable sway.

Monasteries in Northern Europe

800 BCE

By 800 ce, most regions of Northern Europe held great monasteries, many of which were far larger than the local villages.

Charlemagne acclaimed as “emperor of the west”

800 BCE

Charlemagne, in 800 ce, went out of his way to celebrate Christmas Day by visiting the shrine of Saint Peter at Rome. There, Pope Leo III acclaimed him as the “ new emperor of the west”.

The Age of Vikings and the Slave Trade

Period: 800 BCE to 1000 BCE

Charlemagne

Period: 768 BCE to 814 BCE

ruler of the Franks, expanded his Western European kingdom through constant warfare and plunder.

The Abbasid coalition trounced the Umayyad ruler

750 BCE

The Abbasid coalition trounced the Umayyad ruler in 750 ce which would soon last 500 years

China: still most powerful and best-administered empire in the world

750 BCE

Muslims conquered the Sindh in northern India

711 BCE

After the Muslims conquered the Sindh, the crop innovations pioneered in Southeast Asia made their way to the west.

Empress Wu

Period: 684 BCE to 705 BCE

Not all Tang power brokers were men, the wives and mothers of emperors wielded influence in the court, usually behind the scenes, but sometimes publicly. The most striking is Empress Wu. As a young child, Wu mastered the Chinese classics , she was very intelligent and witty, Wu was recruited before the age of 13 to Li Shimin’s court and became his favorite concubine. Wu enjoyed heightened political power. Wu became administrator of the court and expanded the military and was very pro-feminine.

Silla rulers unify Korean state

Period: 668 BCE to 935 BCE

Nakatomi Kinship group seizes the throne

645 BCE

The Nakatomi Kinship group seized the throne and eliminated the Soga and their allies. The Nakatomi became the new spokesperson for the Yamato tradition.

The compilation of the Quran

Period: 644 BCE to 655 BCE

The Quran itself was compiled during the caliphate of Utman (according to Muslim traditions)

Xuanzang brought back Chang’an

643 BCE

In 643 ce, the Chinese Buddhist Xuanzang brought back Chang’an, an entire library of Buddhist scriptures that he had collected on a pilgrimage to Buddhist holy sites in South Asia

Muhammad passes away

632 BCE

The rightly guided caliphs

632 BCE

Muhammad passed away but Islam remained vibrant thanks to the energy of its early followers especially Muhammad’s first four successors, the “rightly guided caliphs’. These caliphs ruled over Muslim peoples and the expanding faith. They institutionalized the new faith and they set the religion on the pathway to imperial greatness by linking religious uprightness with territorial expansion, empire building, and an appeal to all peoples.

Dar-al-islam

632 BCE

Muslim solders embarked on military conquests and sought to found a far reaching territorial empire. This expansion of the Islamic state was one aspect of the struggle that they called jihad, between dar-al-Islam and dar-al-harb

Li Shimin took the throne of the Tang State

627 BCE

The initial steps of the Tang dynasty were complete

624 BCE

The Move to Medina

622 BCE

Muhammad and a small group of followers, opposed by Mecca’s leaders because of their radical religious beliefs, escaped to move to Medina

Tang Empire

Period: 618 BCE to 907 BCE

Muhammad’s revelation

610 BCE

Muhammad was on a spiritual retreat in the hills near Mecca, he believed that God came to him as a vision and commanded him to recite a series of revelations

Persian forces under Khusro conquer Egypt and Syria

Period: 604 BCE to 628 BCE

Persian forces under Khusro the second conquered Egypt and Syria and even reached Constantinople before being defeated in northern Mesopotamia

Gaul and Italy had only 320 monasteries

600 BCE

Gaul and Italy had only 320 monasteries in 600 ce, rather in 400 ce, China had over 1,700 monasteries and about 80,000 monks

Tang Borderlands: Korea and Japan

Period: 600 BCE to 1000 BCE

Religious Period from 600-1000 ce

Period: 600 BCE to 1000 BCE

The period from 600-100 ce demonstrated that religion, reinforced by prosperity and imperial resources, could bring peoples together in unprecendented ways.

Sui Dynasty

Period: 589 BCE to 618 BCE

Soga Kinship’s group rising influence

587 BCE

After 587 ce, the Soga kinship group- originally from Korea but by 500 ce a minor branch of the Yamato imperial family-became Japan’s leading family and controlled the Japanese court through intermarriage.

Prince Shotoku

Period: 574 BCE to 622 BCE

Soon the Soga kinship group was attributing their cultural innovations to their own Prince Shotoku of Soga and Yamato Descent

Muhammad is born

570 BCE

Born into Mecca, into a respected tribal family

Khusro sacks Antioch

540 BCE

Khusro Anoshiwran

Period: 531 BCE to 579 BCE

His name implied the strong, model ruler, (Khusro of the righteous soul)

Western Bantu filled the rain forests of Central Africa

Period: 500 BCE to 1000 BCE

Western Rome finally succumbs to barbarians

476 BCE

The last Roman emperor of the west , Romulus Augustulus resigned to make way for a so-called barbarian king. The Western Roman Empire has completely succumbed to barbarians.

Dowager Empress Fang

Period: 476 BCE to 490 BCE

The regent for Emperor Xiaowen. Attempted progressive land reforms in China that offered land to all men whether Han or Wei

Emperor Xiaowen

Period: 471 BCE to 499 BCE

The Tuoba royal family adopted the Chinese family name of Yuan and required all court officials to speak Chinese and wear Chinese clothing in order to try and make the government more “Chinese”

The Goths settle in Southwest Gaul

418 BCE

The Goths settled in southwest Gaul as a kind of local militia to fill the absence left by the contracting Roman authority.

China had more 1,700 Buddhist Monasteries

400 BCE

By 400 ce, China had more than 1,700 Buddhist monasteries and about 80,000 monks and nuns.

Roman western emperors losing control

400 BCE

Western emperors could no longer raise enough taxes to maintain control of the provinces

Sogdian merchant communities dominate Silk Road Trade

Period: 400 BCE to 600 BCE

The Dark Ages

Period: 400 BCE to 900 BCE

Emphasize the political and cultural continuities between Rome and its successor states, especially in the eastern Mediterranean, and the new dynamic institutions that arose in Rome’s wake. Scholars favor the term “Dark Ages” because it stresses what they see as a sharp, cultural, political and economic decline accompanying the Roman Empire’s fall especially in the Western Mediterranean.

The Tuoba Dynasty was founded

386 BCE

Valen’s march against the Goth’s in Andrianople

378 BCE

Valens intended to teach the Goth’s some obedience so he marched against them in Andrianople, yet the Gothic Calvary was too much for the Romans and they were completely trampled by the Goths

Emperor Valens

Period: 365 BCE to 378 BCE

Valens encouraged the Goth’s entrance into Roman territory but mistreated them, causing them to turn against him.

Kumarajiva

Period: 344 BCE to 413 BCE

A renowned Buddhist scholar and missionary, was the right man, at the right place, at the right time to spread Buddhism in China where it co-existed with other faiths

Nicene Creed

325 BCE

Constantine calls all bishops to Nicea to bring unity to the diversity of beliefs within Christian communities

Byzantium is found

324 BCE

Constantine legalizes Christianity

313 BCE

The decisive battle for Rome

312 BCE

Christianity in the Cities and Beyond

312 BCE

After 312 ce, the large churches built in every major city, signaled Christianity growing strength.

Buddhism began to expand in Northwestern China

300 BCE

People in the central plateau and south-eastern districts of Mesoamerica began to make large city settlements

300 BCE

Around 300 ce, people in the central plateau and the south eastern districts of Mesoamerica where the dispersed villages of Olmec culture had risen and fallen began to gather in larger settlements. Soon political and social integration led to city-states. Teotihuacan became the heart of the fertile valley of Central Mexico.

Teotihuacan controls the entire basin of the Valley of Mexico

300 BCE

Empires and Universalizing Religions

Period: 300 BCE to 600 BCE

From 300-600 ce, the entire Afro-Eurasian landmass experienced a surge of political activity.

Empires and Civilizations along the Silk Roads

Period: 300 BCE to 600 BCE

Byzantine Empire, Sogdians, Sassanian Empire, Gupta Empire, Qi Empire, Ethiopia, Jewish Homeland, Northern Wei Dynasty

Buddhism along the Silk Roads

Period: 300 BCE to 600 BCE

Buddhism spread throughout the Silk Roads (Buddhist monks spread through missionaries), at Bamiyan stood two gigantic statues of the Buddha

The Hindu Transformation

Period: 300 BCE to 600 BCE

During this period, the ancient Brahmanic Vedic religion spread widely in South Asia. Refashioned Brahmanic religion emerged as the dominant faith in the Indian society in what we call today “Hinduism”

Culture and Ideology in India instead of an Empire

Period: 300 BCE to 1300 BCE

Priests and intellectuals were well versed in the Sanskrit language and literary and religious texts. Their most influential code of morality was the Code of Manu.

Constantine’s transformative experience of Christianity

Period: 280 BCE to 337 BCE

The Mayan’s fluorished

Period: 250 BCE to 800 BCE

The Maya were able to establish hundreds, possibly thousands of agrarian villages scattered across the diverse ecological zones of present-day southern Mexico to western El Salvador.

Qin Empire

Period: 221 BCE to 207 BCE

Cleared the way for the Han empire and created the institutional foundations and solidified the ideological bases for the Han and subsequent dynasties

The Fall of Han China

220 BCE

Six Dynasties Period

Period: 220 BCE to 589 BCE

Buddha viewed as a god

200 BCE