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Start of Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution took place in Great Britain. This was because of their access to natural resources like coal and iron and the colonies that acted as markets for their goods. It started a shift from a focus on agriculture to a focus on urban industrialization. -
Invention of the Steam Engine
James Watt created the steam engine in Great Britain. It revolutionized the ability of factories to produce goods. It greatly improved transportation, it powered trains and ships which helped with the industrial revolution. -
Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
Adams's wealth of nations started in Great Britain. Adam Smith's work was the foundation for capitalism. His ideas on a free-market economy and laissez-faire policies became crucial to capitalist ideals. -
Textile Industry Boom
The boom in the textile industry took place in Great Britain. The textile industry was one of the first to be transformed during the Industrial Revolution. Inventions like the spinning jenny, the power loom, and the cotton gin greatly improved production, making Britain the top textile producer. -
Start of Factory System
The start of the factory system was in Great Britain. The factory system replaced the domestic system of production. Workers were brought together in centralized places, which increased efficiency. Unfortunately, it led to harsh working conditions, long hours, and child labor. -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna took place in Vienna Austria. The purpose was to restore Europe’s balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant. They planned on doing this by restoring the old order. -
Railroad Expansion
The initial railroad expansion took place in Great Britain. The opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway was the start of mass rail travel. The railroad helped with the transportation of goods and people across long distances. -
Child Labor in Factories
Child labor initially started in Great Britain. Factories employed large numbers. These kids had to work long hours in dangerous conditions. This led to people speaking up for labor reforms and changes in laws about working conditions. -
Industrial Capitalism
Industrial capitalism started in both Great Britain and Western Europe. It was kickstarted by the Industrial Revolution. It was the start of industrial capitalism, where businesses owned by capitalists controlled a large portion of the economy. It was also the beginning of a new working class. -
Rise of Labor Unions
The Rise of Labor Unions happened in Great Britain. Workers were tired of their poor wages and working conditions. As a result, they began to organize and demand better wages, working conditions, and hours. They did this through methods like strike and played a big role in gaining workers rights. -
Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto
Marx and the Communist Manifesto started in Europe. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto. It called for a revolution to overthrow capitalism. Marx's ideas later influenced socialist and communist movements around the world. -
Revolutions of 1848
These revolutions took place in France, Austria, Germany, Italy, and Hungary. They were a series of revolutions across Europe. People were demanding democratic rights, national unification, and better working conditions. They were mostly unsuccessful but showed that people had and increacing interest in nationalism and liberalism. -
Crimean War
The Crimean Wars took place in Crimea in the Black Sea region. The Crimean War was between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. It showed the weakness of the Russian Empire. It was a turning point in the balance of power in Europe. -
The Unification of Italy
The unification of Italy obviously took place in Italy. The unification happened under leaders such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour. Italy was unified into a single nation. It happened because of nationalism and the desire for a stronger, unified version of Italy. -
Austro Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian war happened in Austria and Prussia. The war was fought between Austria and Prussia in order to take control of German territories. Prussia won and paved the way for the unification of Germany under Prussia. -
Franco Prussian Wars
The Franco-Prussian wars took place in France and Prussia. The war between them resulted in a decisive Prussian victory. This led to the unification of Germany. It also was the downfall of Napoleon III and the establishment of the French Third Republic. -
The Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany took place in Germany. It was led by Otto von Bismarck. Germany was unified after a series of wars including the franco Franco-Prussian War. The unification of Germany changed the political landscape of Europe. -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution started in Petrograd Russia. The revolution was due to a wave of political and social unrest in Russia. It was the start of a constitutional monarchy. It preceded the larger 1917 Russian Revolution. -
Balkan Wars
The Balkan wars took place in the Balkan Peninsula. The Balkan Wars were a series of conflicts between Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire. These wars were a part of the instability in the region. This instability later leads to World War I. -
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis happened in Egypt by the Suez Canal. It was a conflict between Egypt, Britain, France, and Israel. It was the start of a decline in British and French influence in the Middle East. It shows the importance of the United States and the Soviet Union in global politics.