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First Estate – Roman Catholic clergy. Higher clergy–Bishops and abbots– and Lower clergy–parish priests.
Second Estate – The nobility–held positions in government and military.
Third Estate– Peasants, artisans, and bourgeoisie–the middle class. -
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British engineer who, with William Kelly, developed inexpensive ways to make steel from metal.
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developed the water frame. A huge spinning machine that ran on waterpower
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The Great Fear struck France. Rumors about robbers hired to kill peasants had the peasants in fear. Fear turned to violence, and they started to drive landlords off their property, break and enter into their homes, rob them, and even destroy feudal records.
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They attempted to steal weapons and freed 7 prisoners. 98 rioters were killed.
Tension grew and this outbreak led to the formation of a revolutionary government in Paris. -
August 4th– National Army made reforms, nobles voted to end their privileges.
Late August– Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. (In the French Constitution today) -
Created the cotton picker
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French military leader and young general.
Crushed an uprising against Directory. -
an English doctor who gave the worlds first vaccine by injecting cowpox to a boy then smallpox and they boy didn't get smallpox.
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a government headed by an absolute ruler.
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imperialism –one countries domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country.
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a member of Parliament who opposed slavery and had a bill passed to end the British slave trade.
On his death in 1833, Parliament abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. -
He became king of Italy. His brothers also became kings.
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the yearning for self-rule and restoration of customs and traditions
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he became emperor again and claimed France wanted no more territories.
He was still feared and the European governments sent armies to stop him. He was sentenced to house arrest. -
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promoted laws to limit the working hours of women and children. Parliamentary commissions started to investigate workplaces and discovered the horrible working conditions. Laws were passed in 1830s and 40s.
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made peasants and workers the heroes in her novels.
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Quest for colonies – when Great Britain started the American colonies, everyone else set out to start their colonies as well.
Culture – Catholic and Protestant missionaries brought the Christian message all over Africa and Asia.
Political control – They would collaborate with local leaders to exert their power. -
a landscape architect, with the help of Calvert Vaux, created central park.
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artist who created series of paintings of one subject but with different lighting to show the variations.
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created fascism
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failed to become a successful artist and resorted to joining the Nazi party and targeted Jews anyones who opposed Nazi policies.
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Russian researcher who experimented with animals. His finding brought about the suggestion that human actions were unconscious reactions to stimuli and could be changed with training.
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lead the Spanish Civil War.
ruled Spain as a dictator from 1939 until his death.
conservative and monarchist.
turned Spain into a fascist state. -
Causes:
- Archduke and Sophie were killed by assassins.
- The great powers of Europe split to two opposing combinations: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. These alliances threatened the peace of the continent.
-Balkan war in 1912 further inflamed the Serbs. -
Germany began sinking many ships, some of them being American merchant vessels. Germany sank Lusitania and killed over 100 Americans.
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Germany sent out a message to Mexico asking to create an alliance if the U.S. joined in on the war. Germany wanted to help Mexico get their territories back from the U.S.
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Allies stopped the German advance into France
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used it as an excuse to overrun Manchuria.
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- Blitzkrieg or "lightning war": armored tank divisions swept across the Polish boarder, next was motorized vehicles.
- Fall of France in 1940: panzer divisions raced toward France.
- The Nazi Order: Hitler wanted to conquer the Soviet Union as a part of his plan, the "New Order" in Europe. 1939-1944. -The Holocaust: 1941, the elimination of Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies by Nazi order.
- Pearl Harbor: Isoroku Y. convinced the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 1941. They sank many ships.
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it was drafted in April and signed in June.
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the UN was established.
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