-
The Three Estates – France
First Estate – Roman Catholic clergy. Higher clergy–Bishops and abbots– and Lower clergy–parish priests.
Second Estate – The nobility–held positions in government and military.
Third Estate– Peasants, artisans, and bourgeoisie–the middle class. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
-
Henry Bessemer
British engineer who, with William Kelly, developed inexpensive ways to make steel from metal. -
Richard Arkwright
developed the water frame. A huge spinning machine that ran on waterpower -
The Start of the French Revolution
The Great Fear struck France. Rumors about robbers hired to kill peasants had the peasants in fear. Fear turned to violence, and they started to drive landlords off their property, break and enter into their homes, rob them, and even destroy feudal records. -
Huge mob surrounded the Bastille
They attempted to steal weapons and freed 7 prisoners. 98 rioters were killed.
Tension grew and this outbreak led to the formation of a revolutionary government in Paris. -
The Declaration of Rights
August 4th– National Army made reforms, nobles voted to end their privileges.
Late August– Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. (In the French Constitution today) -
Eli Whitney
Created the cotton picker -
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military leader and young general.
Crushed an uprising against Directory. -
Edward Jenner
an English doctor who gave the worlds first vaccine by injecting cowpox to a boy then smallpox and they boy didn't get smallpox. -
End of the French Revolution
-
Government set up a dictatorship
a government headed by an absolute ruler. -
Socialism began
-
Period: to
Age of Imperialism
imperialism –one countries domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. -
Napoleon named himself Emperor of the French
-
William Wilberforce
a member of Parliament who opposed slavery and had a bill passed to end the British slave trade.
On his death in 1833, Parliament abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. -
Napoleon controlled most of Europe
He became king of Italy. His brothers also became kings. -
Nationalism
the yearning for self-rule and restoration of customs and traditions -
Napoleon was defeated in a War of Liberation
-
Napoleon returned to France after being banished
he became emperor again and claimed France wanted no more territories.
He was still feared and the European governments sent armies to stop him. He was sentenced to house arrest. -
Napoleon died
-
Lord Shaftebury
promoted laws to limit the working hours of women and children. Parliamentary commissions started to investigate workplaces and discovered the horrible working conditions. Laws were passed in 1830s and 40s. -
George Sand
made peasants and workers the heroes in her novels. -
How did countries implement imperialism?
Quest for colonies – when Great Britain started the American colonies, everyone else set out to start their colonies as well.
Culture – Catholic and Protestant missionaries brought the Christian message all over Africa and Asia.
Political control – They would collaborate with local leaders to exert their power. -
Frederick Law Olmsted
a landscape architect, with the help of Calvert Vaux, created central park. -
Claude Monet
artist who created series of paintings of one subject but with different lighting to show the variations. -
Period: to
Mussolini
created fascism -
Period: to
Hitler
failed to become a successful artist and resorted to joining the Nazi party and targeted Jews anyones who opposed Nazi policies. -
Ivan Pavlov
Russian researcher who experimented with animals. His finding brought about the suggestion that human actions were unconscious reactions to stimuli and could be changed with training. -
Period: to
Franco
lead the Spanish Civil War.
ruled Spain as a dictator from 1939 until his death.
conservative and monarchist.
turned Spain into a fascist state. -
Start of World War I
Causes:
- Archduke and Sophie were killed by assassins.
- The great powers of Europe split to two opposing combinations: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. These alliances threatened the peace of the continent.
-Balkan war in 1912 further inflamed the Serbs. -
Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany began sinking many ships, some of them being American merchant vessels. Germany sank Lusitania and killed over 100 Americans. -
Zimmerman Telegram
Germany sent out a message to Mexico asking to create an alliance if the U.S. joined in on the war. Germany wanted to help Mexico get their territories back from the U.S. -
Battle of the Marne
Allies stopped the German advance into France -
WW1 Ended
-
Japan used a bomb explosion on the Southern Manchurian Railway
used it as an excuse to overrun Manchuria. -
Period: to
World War II
- Blitzkrieg or "lightning war": armored tank divisions swept across the Polish boarder, next was motorized vehicles.
- Fall of France in 1940: panzer divisions raced toward France.
- The Nazi Order: Hitler wanted to conquer the Soviet Union as a part of his plan, the "New Order" in Europe. 1939-1944. -The Holocaust: 1941, the elimination of Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies by Nazi order.
- Pearl Harbor: Isoroku Y. convinced the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 1941. They sank many ships.
-
Charter of the United Nations was drafted in San Francisco
it was drafted in April and signed in June. -
The UN headquarters in NYC held its first session
the UN was established. -
The Communists proclaimed the People's Republic of China, with Beijing as the capital
-
the Nationalists set up the new capital of the Republic of China at Taipei
-
American occupation of Japan ended
-
Truce between North and South Korea was signed
-
The United States and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic ties
-
European Union