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Period: to
New Immigrants 1820-1924
-German immigrants came to US to escape economic hardship and for political freedom
-Ireland population immigrated because of poverty and famine.
-these people tended to live in cities like Chicago,NY,and st. Louis.
-these immigrants found work on the tran-continental RR, built canals, and become involved in almost every labor intensive job they could find.
-National origins act of 1924 was a policy that restricted immigration by establishing a system of National quotas. -
Morse Code
-An alphabet or code in which letters are represented by combination of long and short sounds
-Morse code is named after Samuel F. B. Morse
-After the telegraph it led to the telephone, fax machine, internet,and finally the smart phone.
-Telegraph pole route ran along the RR provided free land and helped U.S better communications. -
Transcontinental Railroads
-1st transcontinental RR reached from East coast to West coast.
-No traveling in long wagons trains.
-RR was built between 1863-1869.
-Mail, supplies,and trade goods (cattle +crops) can be shipped in a few days. -
Homestead Act
-Gov. offered larger amount of the free land for everyone including free slave.
-To get settlers to move west to explore and settled.
-To earn ownership of piece of land by living on it over a period of time.
-The Indian culture blended into American and fought lost land, money . -
Chinese Exclusionary ACt
1st & only major legislation to suspend immigrants of a certain nationally in 1992 was renewed for another 10 yrs in 1992 the ban became permanent american people were scared to fight for their jobs caused segregation of Asian from Americans and china town -
Period: to
Thomas Nast takes down "Boss Tweed" 1864-1871
-"Boss" tweed power allowed him to funnel large amounts of public monies into personal accounts of politicians and himself.
-Ended w NY city in deep debt.
-Public outcry against Tammy Halls corruption came to a head i early 1870's.
The citizens realize that Tweed was taking money, because the proof was provided by Nast's cartoons.
-Tweed went to jail for stealing money. -
Period: to
Cattle Drive Era
-General start points were in TX and endpoint were up North (Kansas,Mississippi,New Mexico)
-increased demand for beef in the market was b/c of the price and many saw it ready workforce.
-one of the major routes was the Chisholm Trail, used from 1866-1884, it was from San Antonio, TX to Abilene , Kansas
-the extension of railroads tracks got rid of what was needed for the drivers
-the invention of barbed wire fence caused the end of the open range and the cattle drive. -
Period: to
Rise of Labor Unions 1869-1940
-Knights of labor ,organized in 1869 , along industrial lines, longest-lasting economic downturn in history.
-Union wanted higher wages and safer work environment
-Producers rather than strictly to wage workers and eschewing trade union reliance on the strike to boycott
-workers hoping to improve their immediate condition
-knights threatened national trade unions, demanded the groups to confine itself.
joined dec 1886 to form the American Federation of Labor -
John D. Rockerfeller
-He was the head of Standard oil company
-He dominated the petroleum industry
-John was also one of the most respected philanthropist in history, he helped pay for the creation of the University of Chicago, and Rockefeller University of NY
he used vertical integration by buying companies that provided the equipment and services he needed -
Standard Oil Company
founded by John D Rockefeller w/ associations
-after making major progress w/ his company made his own transportation
-once retired inserted in charitable becoming a respected Philanthropist
-invested 300 million to help create the university of Chicago and the rocket feller institute of medical research -
Period: to
Glided Age and Westward Expansion
Glided age was an era of rapid economic growth,especially in the North and West. American wages, especially for skilled workers , were much higher in Europe, which attracted millions of immigrants .
-RR were the major industry, but factory system, mining,and finance increased.
-Labor unions became important in industrial areas.
-This time period is characterized by economic growth , widespread poverty, westward expansion, and political corruption. -
Bessemer Steel Process
-the removal of impurities from iron
-the Bessemer process revolutionized steel production, decreasing cost
-process made steel 10x, stronger than iron
-RR went further, building 10x, grew higher due to strength + low cost of steel -
Hay Market Riot
low wages dangerous working conditions
labor protest near Chicago's hay market square
really turned the riot after someone threw a bomb and police gov. imposed death sentence on 7 men & 8 were sentenced to 15 years in prison & 4 men were hanged -
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie argument about the gospel of wealth is that rich people should be allowed to use their money to helpless 'fit people'
lie created Bessemer process steel making
his fortune in the steel industry the most expensive integrated -
Hull House
-Sept. 18,1889
-located in the near west side of Chiago, Illinois
-Founded by Ellen G starr Jane Addams
-hull house opened its door for recently arrived European immirangts
-both thier leadership made women more politically influenced had more power among me
-they provided numerous services
-beginning of women in change ( can't vote yet) -
Pull Man Strike 1894
Causes- manifacture of RR cars
cut the already low wages of it worked. about 25%, but did not introduce corresponding reductions interest and other charges.
Happened- American RR way union striking.
-small group 260,000 joined.
-released to hitch cars
-refused to handle pullmans cars
Result- federal injuction
-strikes and violent reactions ruined -
Period: to
Angel Island, CA 1910-1940
-Also known as "Ellis Island of the West"
-Majority of the groups were Asian immigrants (Japanese and Chinese)
-They were detained and interrogated, asking obsure questions that could not be answered
-Men and Women house separately.
-detains spent much of their time in the barracks
-women immigrants were denied entry is if they didn't have a father or husband that is a US citizen -
North River Steamboat 1802-1910
-the environment of the society changed dramatically causing steamboats to get goods and product easily.
-cities grew along the rivers to make transportation easier.
-Sb enabled goods to be transported both up and down the river system from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to New Orleans , Louisana -
Great Mirgation
pull factor to north
job opportunities
voting was a right
push factor from south
violence of hate
work to survive / no jobs moved to Chicago, Detroit , NY , Pittsburgh migrating of new job opportunities blacks moved north to escape from oppressive conditions of the south like lynching,unfair legal system, inequality in education -
Americanization Day
-1915 the USA declared it needed to establish a campaign to unify new and old Americans.
-USA choosed May 01 as the venue, to reship the old and embrace the new.
-meaning 1- to make American 2- to assimilate into American cuture 3-bring under American influence or control. -
Ellis island 1892-1954
-Northern and western Europe - Germany
-southern and eastern Europe poured in
-inspected for visible aliments (6 sec of medical exam)
-failed were sent back to country
-2% were denied admission for disease, criminal background,or insanity.
-immigrants quota act and the national orgins act postricted the quantity into the u.s -
Homestead Strike
-Carnegie Steel Co was determined to break the union
-locking the workers out of the plant
-Frick (Companies manager) sent for 300 Pinkerton guards but they arrived they were met by 10 thousand strikers, many of them armed
- after an all day battle , the Pinkerton surrendered
- Carnegie & U.S gov helped move in quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages
its also highlighters how difficult it was for a union to succeed against the combined power of the corporation and the government
