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Benito Mussolini
-In Italy, Benito Mussolini developed a new type of political party and seized power
-By 1921 Mussolini established the Fascist party
-Mussolini gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life
-Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals -
Joseph Stalin
-In USSR, Joseph Stalin whose last name mean " Man of steel", took control of the country
-Stalin focused on creating a communist state, he made both agricultural and industrial growth
-In 1939, Stalin had firmly established a totalitarian Gov. that tried to exert complete control over citizens -
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Allied Powers
-Great Britain, U.S., China, Soviet Union along with other's
-Prime purpose was to defeat the Axis powers and create a peaceful post War World -
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Axis Powers
Includes Germany, Japan, and Italy along with others
-Prime purpose was to establish and maintain new order
-They supported each other's goal for territorial expansion, wanted the destruction of the Soviet Union and acknowledge each other supremacy in the geographic area -
Japan
-Japan invaded Manchuria(China's eastern seaboard) because Japan was becoming very crowded without begin able to expand because of begin an island
-Japan believed Manchuria was rich with minerals, so it was an obvious plan for Japan
-Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after a report of them invading Manchuria -
Adolph Hitler
-In Germany, Adolph Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolini's
In 1919 he joined a struggling group called the Nazi Party
-Hitler quickly became the party's leader
-He established a dictatorship as brutal or worse than Stalin's
-He was determined to achieve German domination of Europe -
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Volunteerism Of WWII (Victory Corps)
Domestic : Home-front
-Both girls and boys from white and African American schools participated
-Physical fitness program, enroll in war-effort classes, volunteer one extracurricular wartime activity
Warfront Efforts- was to prepare high school students to aid the war effort on the homefront and fronties -
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Advanced Technology In WWII ( C )
-Torpedoes was used to destroy submarines and ships from long distances because bullets couldn't go far and do a lot of damage
-Bombing Raids, were used to destroy anything in a certain area, such as factories that produce military equipment i WWII
-Wolf Packs were German submarines that had mass-attack tactics against convoys
-A group of ships, warships and submarines that attack a certain target all at once -
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Japan's War Expansion
-Japan wished to replace European imperialism in Asia with the imperialism of an Asian power
-Place and dates Japan invaded
-Manchuria-1937
-Southern indochina-1941
-Roosevelt froze Japanese assets in the U.S.A. by cutting of all trade WITH JAPAN -
German Expansion
-Germany started acquiring German speaking areas lost after WWI like Sudetenland (a section of France), Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland
-Increasingly a global political division emerged between democratic societies(U.S and Britain) and totalitarian states(Germany) actions_1st nothing but when Germany did not stop an all our war occured -
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Volunteerism in WWII(Red Cross)
At Home
-Began blood donors services in America to produce life saving plasma for the armed forces, saved in hospitals, produced emergency supplies, collected scrap, ran victory gardens and maintained training programs
Overseas
-Became the chief providers of relief supplies in Europe, served as field directors, provided support for troops, operated clubs and were attended to military hospitals -
Germany
-At the beginning of the 1930's, Adolph Hitler's Nazi party exploited wide spread and deep-seated were disconnected in Germany to extract popular and political support
-During the st three years of WWII from when Sep. 1939 through Nov. 1942 a series of military victories permitted German domination of continent -
Rationing
-Rationing is the controlled disruption of scarce resources and goods
-Rationing items were gasoline, tires, meat, butter, and jellies
-People had to use 'Rationing Goods" which were issued to each family based on his size -
Civilian Defense Organization
-Roosevelt set up the office of Civilization Defense(OCD) to coordinate state and federal measures to protect civilians in war related emergency
-The OCD organized the U.S. citizens defense corps to recruit and train volunteers to reform essential tasks -
War Bonds
-Way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation
-People would buy Bonds and the gov. promised to reform to them without interest after 10 years or more
-Gov. needs the money to pay for war equipment -
Pearl Harbor
-December 7, 1941 two waves of Japanese attack sank or severely damaged 18 U.S. ships on The Air fields, more than 26 Air planes were damaged or destroyed, while the attack killed or injured almost 6,000 Americans FDR said - Yesterday
-Of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air-force of the Empire of Japan -
Rosie The Riverter
In 1945 nearly one out of every four married women worked outside the home, Rouse the Riveter, star of a gov. Campaign aimed at at recruiting female workers for munitions industry, become perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war -
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Code Talkers
-Navajo code talkers played a key role in the pacific campaign
-The America Military needed an indecipherable code that would not be known by the Japanese
-The Navajo language is unwritten and extremely complex, American forces could transmit messages by telephone and radio in a code that Japanese were unable to break -
Lend Lease Program
-Gave the president the authority to "sell lease lend, or otherwise dispose of any defense article" to any nation whose defense he considered critical to that of the U.S
-Neutrality by claiming that loans were made in the interest of national defense; Goods were not destroyed or lost in battle were to be returned or paid for
-It allowed the U.S. to provied it's allies with aid in the form of tanks, planes, ammunition, and construction supplies -
Executive Order 9066
-US presidential executive order signed & issued during WW2, by Franklin D Roosevelt authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of Jap.-Am.
-The attack on Pearl Harbor led to growing suspicions largely by racism & fear about the loyalty of Jap.-Am.
-Japanese ancestry was classified as "Enemy Aliens"
-120,000 Jap.-Am. were informed that they would forcibly remove them from communites to relocation centers -
Bataan Death March
-The Bataan Death March happened after the U.S. surrendered of the Bataan Peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers
-Allie's prisoners were forced to march 65 miles to prison campos where thousands died from disease, mistreatment and starvation -
Battle Of Midway
-The Battle of Midway pushed the war tide in favor of the allied powers since it was one of the most decisive U.S. victories against Japan
-The U.S. inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese Navy this war the of the U.S. against Japan -
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Span of the OWI
-The united States office of war was a U.S. Government Agency
-It was created during WWII, to make the existing governments information services stronger
-OWI delivered propaganda both home and other places(overseas) -
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U.S. Offices Of War Information
-Control the content and imagery of war and make citizens aware of how they could help in the war-effort
-Produce radio programs, new reels, asked citizens to contribute time and money, create products, conserve resources, donate, and stir up distrust to lower enemy and population morals to promote surrender -
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Island Hopping
-Island Hopping was effecting the tide in favor of the allied powers because they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the islands through the offensive against the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Archipelago which had married the beginning of "Island Hopping" fought between August 1942 ND February 1943, eventually succeed in forcing Japan to relinguish the island -
Radar
-Used to create an electronic map of all objects in all directions and great distances away as possible
-Also to locate the precise position of previously detected target
-This was a great advantage for pilots cause it gave them the opportunity to attack a target at night
-It also detected incoming German and Japanese plans. -
M-1 Semi-Automatic Rifle
-Was a light and easy to use
-Caliber, gave soldiers more mobility and stronger fire power
-Used for everyday killing -
Bernard Montgomery
-Was a senior British army officer who fought in both wars, during the second war he commended the British eighth army
-Commanded of the 21st army group for the rest of the campaign in the N.W. Europe
-It was essentía to success on D-Day in 1944, as was his role as ground commander of the Anglo-American forces under Eisenhower -
Waves
-Women accepted for volunteer emergency service(WAVES) was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel during WWII
-Waves were an official part of the navy, its members held the same rank and ratings as male personnel
-Waves could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft and initially were restricted to amity in the continental U.S. at the end of WWII, there were 8,000 female officers -
Victory Gardens
-As part of the war effort, the gov. rationed foods like; Sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, coffee, meat and canned goods
-The Gov. turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant " victory garden"
-Garden helps make sure enough food and supplies were available for home and the troops during WWII -
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WACS
-Women joined the new Womens Army Corps(WACS) after basic training most of these women took clerical jobs the military
-Women replaced jobs formerly held by men, such as shipbuilding and aircraft production
-The idea was to gave women fill jobs help by men to send more men to war
-Between 1941-1945 more than 6.5 million women entered the workforce -
Isorku Yamamoto
-Japanese Marshall admiral and commander in chief of the combined fleet
-Played a vital role (executed the surprise attack) in Pearl Harbor which made Japan victories -
Chester W. Nimitz
-Was leading the U.S. Navy authority on submarines
-He was the U.S. last surviving officer who ranked as fleet admiral
-Admiral chest was appointed commander in the chief of the U.S. Pacific fleet just after Pearl Harbor -
Erwin Rommel
-Field marshal Erwin Rommel was are if Germans most popular generals during WWII
-On D-Day he discussed with other officers about surrendering due to his ties to the plot to over throw Hitler, he was murdered -
George C. Marshall
-Acted as a chief of staff and the "organizer of victory"
-Worked closely with Roosevelt. to urge military to prepare before Pearl Harbor
-Built a army of 8 million men
-Later helped oversese the creation of the first atomic bomb -
Omar Bradely
-Was a senior officer of the U.S. army
-He was in service in North America and Western Europe
-He then became General of the first American Army to land in France -
George Patton
-Led the U.S. 7th army in its invasion of Sicily and swept across northern France
-Patton's forces played a key role in the featuring the German counterattack in the battle of the bulge
-Patton died in Germany in December 1945 of injuries sustained in a automobile accident -
Korematsu V. United States
-Korematsu was a Japanese-american conved of staying in a restricted area
-He believed his constitutional rights were violated
-Roosevelt ordered that constitutional liberties may be limited during war-time
-The case went against the Executive order 9066
-50 years later congress apologized and payed reparations to Japanese-Americans