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North River Steamboat
-Transportation=wealthy would use it as form to travel in rivers
-Environment=farmers grew crops along river because it was easy to get them to markets near river forks and rapids
-Marine Diesel Engine -
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New Migration
-Irish;Religious Freedom
-Economic Condition
-German religious background difficulties political difference
-Chinese need work
-Gold rush
-Most migrants lived mostly by the west coast -
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New Language
-German Immigrant came to the U.S. to escape economic hardship & for the political freedom
-Ireland population immigrated because of poverty and famine
-These people tended to live in cities like Chicago,New York,St. Louis
-These immigrants found work on the trans-continental railroads,built canals and they became involved in almost every labor-intensive job they could find
-National Origins Act of 1924 was a policy that restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas -
Morse Code
-Morse code: An alphabet or code in which letters are represented by combination of long and short of sounds
-Morse code is named after Samuel F.B. Morse
-After the telegraph, it led to the telephones,fax machines,internet, and finally the smart phones
-The telegraph pole routes ran along the railroads provided free land and helped us better communication -
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Boss Tweed
-Was a legendary corrupt leader of NYC in his years following the Civil War
-He targeted the immigrants and offered them a job a place to live .In return, the immigrants had to vote for who Boss Tweed wanted in power
-They surveyed the Democratic party
-He was arrested and tried in 1872 for stealing millions of dollars from NYC -
Homestead Act
-Government offered large amount of free land for everyone including freed slaves
-To get settlers to move west to explore and settled
-To earn ownership of piece of land by living on it over a period of time
-The Indians culture blended into Americans,they fought,lost land,had many death -
Chinese Exclusionary Act
-1st & only legislation to suspend immigration of certain nationality in 1892 was renewed for another 10 yrs in 1902 the ban became permanent
-American people were scared to fight for their jobs caused segregation of Asians from Americans and china towns -
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Cattle Drive Era
-General start points were in Tx and endpoints were up north (Kansas,Missouri,New Mexico..)
-Increased demand for beef in the markets was because of the price and many saw it was a ready workforce
-One of the major routes was The Chisholm Trail,used from 1866-1884,it was from San Antonio,Tx-Abilene,Ks
-The extension of RR tracks got rid of what was never needed for the drives
-The invention of barbed wires fence caused the end of the open range & cattle drives -
The Transcontinental Railroad
-The 1st transcontinental railroad reached from east coast to west coast
-No more traveling in long wagon trains
-The railroad was built between 1863-1869
-Things like mail,supplies trade goods(cattle & crops)can be shipped in a few days -
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Rise of Labor Unions
-Knights of Labor, organized in 1869
-The Great depression(1929-39)was the deepest & longest lasting economic downturn in history
-Union wanted higher wages,short hours, & safer work environment
-''Producers" rather than strictly top wage workers, eschewing the trade union reliance on the strike & boycott
-Workers hoping to improve their conditions
-They threatened national trade unions,demanded the group to confine itself
-When it refused ,they joined in Dec,1886 to form the AFL -
John D. Rockefeller
-He was the head of standard oil company
-He dominated the petroleum industry
-John was also one of the most Respected Philanthropist in history ,he helped pay for the creation of the University of Chicago and Rockefeller of New York
-He used vertical integration by buying components that provided the equipment and service he needed -
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Thomas Nast Takes down "Boss'' Tweed
-''Boss'' Tweeds political power allowed him to funnel large amounts of public monies into personal accounts of politicians,and himself
-Ended with NYC in deep debt
-Public outcry against Tammy Halls corruption came to a head in the early 1870's
-The citizens started realizing that Tweed was taking money,because the proof that was provided by Nast's cartoons
-Tweed was jailed for stealing money -
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Gilded Age & Westward expansion
-The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth,especially in the North and West.American wages,especially for skilled workers,were much higher than in Europe,which attracted millions of immigrants
-Railroads were the major industry,but the factory system,mining,& finance increased
-Labor unions became important in industrial areas
-"This time period characterized by economic growth ,widespread poverty,westward expansion,& political corruption" -
Bessemer Steel Process
-The removal of impurities f/ iron
-The Bessemer process revolutionized the steel production, de-creasing the cost
-The process made steel 10 x stronger than iron
-RR went further,buildings grew higher due to strength & low cost of steel -
Haymarket Riot
-The cause was a peaceful rally to lower the hours of work f/ 14 to 8 hrs
-A bomb that was thrown at police attempting to break up a peaceful rally of Chicago workers
-Police opened fire,killing 4 and wounding at least 70.Also wounding 6 of their own officers
-The effect was that 7 Chicago anarchist sentenced to death on the flimsiest of evidence -
Andrew Carnegie
-The Carnegie argument about the gospel of wealth is that rich people should be allowed to use their money to helpless 'fit people'
-Lie created Bessemer process steel making his fortune in the steel industry the most extensive integrated -
Hull House
-Located in the near west side of Chicago,Illinois
-Founded by James Adams,Ellen Starr
-Hull House opened its doors for recently arrived European immigrants
-They provided numerous service they also help immigrants learn English
-The beginning of Women in Change (Women can not vote yet) -
Homestead Strike
-Carnegie Steel Co was determined to break the union
-Locking the workers out of the plant
-Frick(Companies Manager) sent for 300 Pinkerton guards but when they arrived they were met by 10 thousand strikers,many of them armed
-After an all-day battle, the Pinkerton surrendered
-Carnegie & US Gov. help moved in quickly to institute longer hours & lower wages
-It also highlighted how difficult it was for any union to succeed against the combined powers of the corporation & the government -
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Ellis Island
-Northern & Western Europe & Germany
-Southern and Eastern Europe poured in
-Inspected for visible aliments(six sec. medical exam)
-If they failed they were sent back to their original country
-2% were denied admission for disease,criminal background,or insanity
-Immigrants quota act and the national origins act restricted the quantity into the U.S. -
Pull Man Strike
Cause
-Manufacture of railroad cars
-Cut the already low wages of its workers about 25%, but did not introduce corresponding reduction intrets & other charges
Happened
-American railroad way Union striking
-Small groups , 260,000 joined
-Refused to hitch cars
-Refused to handle pullmans car
Result
-Federal injunction
-Strikes & violent reaction ruined his reputation -
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Angel Island,CA
-Also known as ''Ellis Island of the West''
-Majority of the groups were Asian immigrants,(Japanese & Chinese)
-They were detained & interrogated, asking obscure questions that could not be answered.
-Men & women housed separately.
-Detainees spent much of their time in barracks
-Women immigrants were denied entry is if they didn't have a Father nor Husband that are U.S. citizen would be deported. -
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Great Migration
Pull Factors
-Job opportunities
-Voting was a right
Push factors from South
-Violence of hate
-Work to survive/no jobs
Migrating of new jobs opportunities,blacks moved north to escape from oppressive conditions of the south like lynching,unfair legal system,inequality of education -
Americanization Day
-1915,the USA declared it needed to establish a campaign to unify new & old Americans
-The USA chose May 1,as the venue,to reshape the old & embrace the new
-Meaning:1)to make American,2) to assimilate into American Culture,3)to bring American influence or control