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Benito Mussolini
-In Italy Benito Mussolini developed a new type of political party and seized power
-By 1921 he established the Fascist Party
-Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the sate above those of individuals -
Joseph Stalin
-In USSR, Joseph Stalin whose last name means "Man of Steel", took control of the country
-Stalin focused on creating a model communist state, he made both agricultural and industrial growth
-In 1939 Stalin had firmly established a totalitarian government that tried to exert complete control over citizens -
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Allied Powers
-Allied powers were a group of countries opposed to axis power
-They joined allies because the Axis powers were attacking the world
-The allied countries where Japan,German, France, Poland -
Japenese Expansion
-Japanese expansion in east Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on china.On September 27,1940, japan signed the tripartite pact with Germany and Italy .then the US had stopped trade with the Japanese which led them to attack the US and British forces in Asia, and shortly after the Japanese had dropped a bomb on pearl harbor leading to the US declaring war on the Japanese and joining the war -
Adolf Hitler
-In Germany Adolf Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolini
-In 1919 he joins a struggling group called the Nazi party
-Hitler quickly became party's leader. He established a dictatorship as brutal or worse than Stalin
-He was determined to achieve German domination Europe -
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Advanced technology in worl war 2 ,part C
-Torpedoes were used to destroy submarines and ships from long distances b/c bullets couldn't go far and do a lot of damage
-Bombing Raids were used to destroy anything in a certain area, such as factories that produce military equipment in WW2
-Wolf Packs were German submarines that had mass-attack tactics against convoys. A group of ships,warships and submarines that attack a certain target all at once -
German WW2
-At the beginning of the 1930's Adolf Hitler is Nazi party exploited wide spread and deep-seated where discontent in Germany to attract popular and political support
-During the first three years of WW2 from when Sep.1939 through Nov.1942 a series of military victories permitted German domination of continent -
German Expansion
-The German invasion of western Poland on 1 September 1939 led to WW2. between 1939 and 1941 the German army invaded and occupied many countries,including the Netherlands ,Belgium,Luxembourg,France,Denmark,Norway and western Poland. The invasion of Poland led both Britain and France to declare war on Germany and then began the war because German invasions continued more of the countries declared war on the Germans and their allies which caused a international response of war. -
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Volunteerism in WW2 (Red Cross)
at home:
-Began blood donor services in America to produce live saving plasma for the Armed Forces,saved in hospitals, produced emergency supplies, collected scrap, run victory gardens, and maintained training programs.
overseas:
-became the chief providers of relief supplies in Europe, served as field director provided support for troops operated clubs, and were attend to military hospital -
Rationing
-Rationing is the controlled distribution of source resources and goods
-Rationing items were gasoline,tires,meat, butter and jellies
-People had to use "Rationing Goods" which were issued to each family based on its size -
Axis Alliance
-September 27,1940 Germany, Italy,and Japan signed the Tripartite pact, which became known as the axis alliance
-They had two common interests: 1)territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and overthrow of the post WW1 international order 2)the destruction of neutralization of soviet communism -
M1 Semi Automatic rifle & Radar
-the design of the M1 allowed the Americans to fire more shots against their German and Japanese counter parts.
Radar
-battles were won by the side that was first to spot enemy airplanes ,ships,or submarines.The radar helped see hundreds of miles away even at night. -
War Bonds
-Way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation
-People would buy bonds & the government promised to return to them with interest after 10years or more
-Government needs the money to pay for war equipment -
Rosie the Riveter
-was a cultural icon during WW2 representing the women who worked in factories many who produced munitions or war supplies. -
Lend lease program
-Gave the president the authority to sell lease lend,or otherwise dispose of an defense article to any nation whose defense he considered critical to that of the US
-Neutrality by claiming that loans were made in the interest of nation defense ,goods,were not destroyed or lost in battle were to be returned or paid for
-it allowed the US to provide its allies with aid in the form of tanks.ammunition and construction supplies. -
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Code talkers
-Navajo code talkers played a key role in the pacific campaign
-The American military needed an undecipherable code that could not be broken by the Japanese
-The Navajo language is unwritten and extremely complex
-American forces could transmit messages by telephone and radio in a code that the Japanese were unable to break -
Women in the military
-WACS(women Army Corps)
-Auxiliary unit
-women were doing office things while men in the office were shipped over seas to fight.
-the women did paperwork,supply food, telegram,etc.
-WAVES-women accepted for volunteer emergency service in the navy.
-at the end of WW2 the women couldn't stay in the navy -
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Multiple Fronts fought by the US
-The US fought a few fronts during WW2 like The Atlantic Front,The Pacific Front,The European Front,and The Home Front.These fronts had pushed the war in good for the allies because the US was equipped to produce mass war supply for the soldiers and the allied power armies,and the US attacking on these fronts helped the allied powers gain a new ally during the war, due to Germany then declaring war on the US,and the US decclaring war on japan after pearl harbor. -
Pearl Harbor
-The Japanese Royal Navy launched a surprise attack against the american killing over 2400 Americans and militant personal.
-destroyed 18 ships and 32 airplanes
-Roosevelt's famous day of infamy speech was a response to the attack -
Bataan Death March
-The bataan death march happened after the US surrender of the bataan peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers,because approximately 75,000 filipino and american troops on bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps,survivors were taken by rail from San Fernando to prisoner-of-war camps, where thousands more died from disease,mistreatment and starvation. -
Battle of Midway
-The Battle of midway pushed the war tide in favor of the allied powers since it was one of the most decisive US victories against japan,because major advances in code breaking,the united states was able to preempt and counter japans plan ambushed the US inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese navy by destroying 4 fleet carriers,322 air crafts,and over 5,000 sailors. -
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US office of war information
-control the content and imagery of war messages and make citizens aware of how they could help in the war effort
-produced radio programs,news reels,asked citizens to contribute time and money,create products,conserve resources, donate and stirrup distrust to lower enemy and population morals to promote surrender. -
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island hopping
-island hopping was affecting the tide in favor of the allied powers because they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the islands,through the offensive against the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Archipelago which had marked the beginning of island hopping fought between August 1942 and February 1943,eventually succeeded in forcing Japan to relinquish the island. -
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victory corps
-the purpose of this student organization was to prepare high school students to aid in the war effort on home-front lines.
-Both girls and boys from white and African American school participated.
-Students participate in a physical fitness program and enroll in a war effort class. -
Victory Gardens
-As part of the war effort, the government rationed food like sugar,butter,milk,cheese eggs,coffee,meat, and canned goods
-The government turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "victory gardens" -
Higgins Boats
-Higgins boat was a landing craft used extensively in amphibious landing in world war II
-The craft was designed by Andrew Higgins based on boats made for operating in swaps and marshes -
WAVE
Woman accepted for volunteer emergency service
-WAVES was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel during WWII
-WAVES were an official part of the navy,its members held the same rank and ratings as male personnel
-WAVES could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft, and initially were restricted in the continental US at the end of WWII
-There were over 8,000 female officers -
Executive Order 9066
-The document ordered the removal of resident enemy from parts of the west
-after bombing pearl harbor by the Japanese in 1941 Roosevelt came under increase pressure by military and political. -
Chester W. Nimitz
-was leading the US Army authority on submarines
-he was the US last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-admiral chester was appointed coomander in chief of the US Pacific Fleet just after pearl harbor
-he commanded US forces at the battle of midway
-This battle halted the japenese advance in the pacific -
Isoroku Yamamato
-Japanese marshal admiral commander in chief of the combined fleet
-played a vital role (executed the surprise attack) in pearl harbor which made japan victorious. -
Bernard Montgomery
-Senior British Army Officer in the African & European War
-commanded the British 8th army & 21st army during the Euro Campaign
-was over all British troops on June 6 1944 "D-Day" -
Douglas MacAuthor
-american 5 star general and field marshal of the philippine army
-MacAuthor was chief of staff during WW2
-Led the US army in "island hopping" in the south west pacific campaign -
Erwin Rommel
-field marshal
-german's most popular generals during WW2
-on "D-Day" he discussed with other officers about surrendering
-due to his ties to the plot to overthrow Hitler he was murdered -
Omar Bradley
-Was a senior officer in the US army
-He was in service in North American and Western Europe
-He then became general in the first american army to land in France -
George C Marshall
-Acted as chief of staff and the "organizer of victory"
-Worked closely w/ Roosevelt,to urge military to prepare before Pearl Harbor
-Built a army of 8 million men
-Later helped oversea the creation of the first atomic bomb -
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Invasion of Normandy (d-day)
-D-Day affected the war tide for the allies positively because the battle foreshadowed the end of Hitlers dream of Nazi domination. D-Day was the largest air,land,and sea operation undertaken. the landing included over 5,000 ships,11,000 airplanes,and over 150,000 service men.By the end the Allies had reached the seine river, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from northwestern France, effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy -
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Liberation of concentration camps
-the liberation of the camps pushed towards the victory for the allies because they were slowly starting to shut down Hitler's operation of the Nazi takeover. The soviet were the first forces to reach a concentration camp, Majdanek near Lublin, Poland. Due to the rapid soviet advance, the Germans had burned the camp but the gas chambers were left standing, The Soviets also overran the sites of the Belzec, Sobibo,Treblinka,and the Soviets liberated Auschwitz, the largest concentration camp. -
Korematsu Vs US
Fred Korematsu a japanese US citizen refused to leave his home in San Leandro, CA
-Court decided the nations security concern out weighed the constitutions promise of equal rights
-The executive order 9066 banned Japanese alien and non-alien from the US
-50 year later it was over turned by congress and an apology was given. -
Nuclear Weapons
-In July 16,1945 president Harry Truman decided to ise atomic bomb against Japan
-After bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in august 1945,Japan surrendered world war II in which over 70 million people died when it was over -
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Potsdamn conference
-Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime minister Winston Churchill, and US president Harry Truman
-Met in Potsdam,Germany to negotiate terms for the end of WWII
-Agreements on German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries (divide Germany into 4 sectors)
-Institutions controlled by nazis were decentralized,war criminals brought to trail,Polish-German border accepted Stalin's request -
Nuclear Weapon
-president Harry Truman decided to use the Atomic Bomb against Japan. After Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August japan surrendered WW2, in which over 70 million people died when it was over -
Women and Minority
-while the men went to fight in the war the women were left to work in the factories. After the war men came back to reclaim their positions at factories but the women didn't want to give them up. Spuring up the feministic movement.in the war men of color fought along side white men for the first time.When they got back from the war they were treated with the same racial slurs.sparking the civil rights movements. -
The US & European Countries (WW2 End Results)
-in the US war happened after the Great Depression. 30% unemployment was cut down to less than 5% after the employment boost due to the war. The European countries were left to rebuild and the US lended money to countries, and Germany was the only country to fully pay it back in 1960. -
President Truman's "fair deal"
-The deal was set to target solutions for National health insurance, public housing,civil rights legislation and federal aid to education
-Advocated increase in the minimum wage,federal assistance to farmers and extension of Social Security
-This Deal alomost doubled the minimum wage,established the Housing Act, and expansion of social security benefits -
Dwight D Eisenhower/ George Patton
-The most famous US Army general of WW2
-Takes command of US forces in Europe(supreme allied) then became president of the US
-George Patton commanded the Us seventh army in the Mediterranean and Europe threats of WW2