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Axis
-Germany, Italy and Japan led a group of nations called the Axis
-1930's the Nazi leader ,Hitler, tried to take revenge to the countries that defeated Germany in WWI & wanted World domination
-1930's Japan invaded Manchuria because it had a lot of raw materials
-They wanted their own countries to grow & others to become weaker -
Japan Expansion
In September 1931 Japan army moved into Manchuria after an explosion damaged a railway line near the city of Mukden
Wanted to control China and its Asian Markets
They could use for economic prosperity and trading notes would be a key role for the spread of their imperialsim -
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Advance Technology
-Torpedoes were used to destroy submarines & ships from long distance b/c bullets couldn't go far & do a lot of damage
-Bombing Raids, were used to destroy anything in a certain area, such as factories that produce military equipment in WWII.
-Wolf Packs were German Submarines that had mass-attack tactics against convoys. A group of ships, warships, & submarines that attack a certain target all at once -
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Volunteerism of WWII
Domestic- Home front both girls and boys from white and black schools participated
Physical fitness program, enroll in war effort classes, volunteer one extracurricular wartime activity
War front Efforts- was to prepare high school students to aid int eh war effort on the home front and frontiers -
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Japan's War Expansion
-Japan wished to replace European imperialism in Asia with the imperialism of an Asian power
-Place- A dates Japan invaded
- Manchuria 1937
-Southern Indochina 1941
-Roosevelt froze Japanese assets in the U.S.A by cutting off all trade with Japan -
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Volunteerism in WWII (Red Cross)
At Home- Began Blood donor services n America to produice lifesaving plasma for the Armed Forces, served in hospitals produced emergency supplies, collected scrap, ran victory gardens, and maintained training programs
Overseas- Became the chief providers of relief supplies in Europe, served as field directors, provided support for troops, operated clubs, and were attached to military hospitals -
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Allied
-Great Britain, USA, Soviet Union, and France led a group of nations called the Allied
-In 1941 Congress voted that a stated of war existed btw USA & Japan
-War caused by German expansionism
-England and France were unprepared for war
-When Hitler invaded Poland WWII began -
Rationing
-Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources and goods
-Rationing items were gasoline, tires, meat, butter and jellies
-People had to use "Rationing goods" which were issued to each family based on its size -
M1 Semi-Automatic Rifle & Radar
M1- The design of the M1 allowed the Americans to fire more shots against their German & Japanese counterparts
Radar- Battle were won by the side that was first to spot enemy airplanes, ships, or submarines, the radar helped see hundreds of miles away even at night. -
Civilian Defense Organization
Roosevelt set up the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) to coordinate state and federal measures to protect civilians in war-related emergency. The OCD organized the US citizens defense corps to recruit and train volunteers to perform essential tasks. -
Rosie The Riveter
1945 nearly one out of every four married women worked outside the home. "Rosie the Riveter", star of a govt. campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for the munitions industry, became perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war. -
War Bonds
-Way to remove money from circulation as well as inflation
-People would buy bonds and the govt promised to repay them with interest after 10yrs or more
-Govt need the $ to pay for war equipment -
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Code Talkers
Navajo code talkers played a key role in the Pacific campaign. The American military needed and undecipherable code that could not be broken by the Japs. The Navajo language is unwritten and extremely complex, American forces could transmit messages by telephone and radio in a code the Japs could not break -
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WACS
Women joined the new Women's Army Corps
After basic training, most of these women took aerial jobs in the military, Women replaced jobs formerly held by men, such a shipbuilding and aircraft production The idea was to have women fill jobs held by men to send more men to war. BTW 1941-1945 more than 6.5 mil women entered the work force -
Lend Lease Act
Written by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918's speech The Lend Lease Program provided for military aid to any countries defense that was vital the the US. Roosevelt lended Britain understanding that they would get paid back -
Isoroku Yamamato
Japanese Marshall Admiral and commander in chief of the Combined Fleet
Played a vital role in Pearl Harbor (executed the surprise attack) which made Japan Victorious -
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 two waves of Jap attack sank or securely damaged 18 U.S ships on the air fields, more than their air planes were damaged and destroyed, while the attack killed or injured almost 6,000 Americans. FDR said yesterday DEC a date which will live in infamy the USA was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air force of the empire of japan -
Douglas MacArthur
Was an American five star general and field Marshall of the Philippine army he was chief of staff of the US army during the 1930s and during WWII led the island hopping commander of the allied forces in the southwest pacific -
Executive Order 9066
Description-U.S presidential executive order signed & issued during WWII, by Franklin. D. Roosevelt authorized the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of JapAms
Cause-attack on Pearl Harbor led to growing suspicions largely by racism and fear abt loyalty of JapAms
Effect- Jap ancestry was classified as "enemy aliens", curfews were instituted and assets were frozen, JapAms were informed of future force removal -
Bataan Death March
The Bataan Death March happend after the U.S surrender of the Bataan peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers, allied prisoners were forced to march 6.5 miles to prison camps, where thousands died from mistreatment and starvation -
Battle of Midway
The Battle of Midway pushed the war tide in favor of the allied powers since it was one of the most decisive U.S victories against Japan
The U.S inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese navy -
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U.S. Office of War Information
Responsibilities- control the content and imagery of war messages, make citizens aware of how they could help in the war effort
Activities- produced radio programs, newsreels, asked citizens to contribute time and money, create products, conserve resources, donate, and stir up distrust to lower enemy and population morals to promote surrender -
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Island Hopping
Island hopping was effecting the tide in favor of the allied powers b/c they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the islands, through the offensive against the island of Guadalupe canal in the Solomon Archipelago which and marked the beginning of "Island Hopping" fought BTW Aug 1942 & Feb 1943, eventually succeed in forcing Japan to relinquish the island -
Victory Garden
-as part of the war effort, the govt. rationed foods like sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, coffee, meat, and canned goods
-the govt. turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "Victory Gardens"
-Gardens helped make sure enough food and supplies were available for home and the troops during WWII -
Flying Tigers
-1st American Volunteer group of the Chinese Air Force
-Tigers primary mission was to protect the Burma Read connecting the vital port @ Rangoon w/ the rest of China
-Dec 20,1991- Tigers destroyed 4 Jap bombers
-Tigers had highest kill loss ratios of WWII -
Waves
Women accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel during WWII WAVES was an official part of the navy , its members held the same rank and ratings as male personnel WAVES could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft and initially were restricted to activity in continental US. At the end of WWII there were over 8,000 female officers -
Chester W. Nimitz
Leading the US Navy authority on submarines
he was the USA last surviving offer who ranked as a fleet admiral
admiral Chester was appointed commander in chief of the the US Pacific Fleet just after Pearl Harbor
He commanded US forces at the Battle of Midway
This battle headed the Japanese advance in the Pacific -
Erwin Rommel
Field Marshall
one of German's most popular generals during WWII on D-DAY he discussed with other officers about surrendering due to his ties to the plot ot overthrow Hitler he was murdered -
Bernard Montgomery
Senior British Army Officer in the African and European War
Commanded the British 8th army and 21st army during the Euro campaign
Was all over British Troops on June 6 1944 -
Dwight D. Einsenhower
-He was a supreme commander of allied forces
-Led the massive invasion of Nazi- occupied Europe that began on D-Day (June 6, 1944)
-Leading republicans convinced Eisenhower (then in command of NATO forces) in Europe to run for President -
George Marshall
-Secretary of state, George C. Marshall, proposed that massive aid be given to the countries of war-torn Europe to rebuild their economies
-Believed this aid would create strong European allies and trading partners for the U.S
-Plan included aid to Germany and Italy, in marred contrast to the policies of the voters following WWI
-Plan was successful and benefited the American economy in helping to rebuild war torn Europe -
Omar Bradley
-Highly distinguished 4-star general of the U.S Army who saw distinguished service in North Africa and Western Europe during WWII
-From the Normandy landings of June 6,1944 through to the end of the war in Europe, he commanded all U.S ground forces invading Germany from the west
-Commanded 43 divisions w/ 1.3 million men -
George Patton
-Led the U.S 7th army in its invasion of Sicily and swept across Northern France
-Patton's forces played a key role in defeating the German counterattack in the battle of bulge
-Patton died in Germany in December 1945 of injuries sustained in an automobile accident -
D-Day
Effected the war tide for the Allies positively b/c the battle foreshadowed the end of Hitler's dream of Nazi domination. D-Day was the largest air, land, and sea operation undertaken. The landing included over 5,000 ships, 11,000 airplanes,and over 150,000 service men. By the end the allies had reached the Seine River, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from Northwestern France, effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy -
Korematsu v. United States
Korematsu was a Jap-American convicted of continuing to remain in a restricted area
He believed his constitutional rights were violated
Roosevelt ordered that constitutional liberties may be limited by wartime
The case went against the Executive Order 9066
50 yrs later congress apologized and payed reparations -
Potsdam Conference
Roosevelt from the US, Churchill from the UK, and Stalin from Russia met in Yalta
They agreed on the formation of the United Nations and that Germany would be divided into four zones occupied by Russia, UK, US, and France.
Free elections would also be allowed soon after differences began to emerge -
The US and European Countries
-In the US the war happened after the Great Depression
-30% fell to 5% after employment boost due to war
-European countries left to rebuild and the US lended money to the countries
-Germany was the only country to make full repayment in 1990 -
Women and Minority
-Men left for war, women stayed to work in factories
-After war men came back home to reclaim there jobs but the women didn't want to give them up which spurred the Feminist Movement
-Men of color fought in the war along side the whites for the 1x
-When they got back they were treated with the same racial slurs sparking the civil rights movement -
Tuskegee Airmen
-African American minority pilots (fighters & bombers) who fought in WWII
-1ST black service men to serve as military aviators in the U.S Armed Forces
-U.S Air Force did not exist as a separate entity. The army resisted using black men as pilots but, in response to a pending law conceded to created a segregated unit for them -
Fair Deal
Intended to enact policies consistent with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal
Effect on the economy- no health care or help for homeowners
President Truman's veto of the anti-labor union Taft-Hartley act was overrode by congress
Most of President Truman's Fair Deal Programs did not pass