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Henry Cabot Lodge
*Henry was Republican U.S Senator from (1893-1924)
*Henry Lodge had support of a strong Navy which resulted in a relationship w/ Theodore Roosevelt, later differed in domestic matters
*Lodge was an advocate for American action against Spain in 1898
*Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Lodge wanted to introduce the U.S to imperialism like the European countries -
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
- Theodore roosevelt was one of maban's followers
- His book he wrote the influence of sea power upon history
- Argued to a chive world power a country headed a power navy
- Naval bases to provide puling station
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Presidency of Stanford B Dole
*The US Navy use Hawaii as a gas station
*He helped overthrow the queen of Hawaii and shortly afterwards he had gotten elected president of Hawaii which led to the annexation of Hawaii to the US
*He was born in Hawaii, and his family developed the pineapple company -
Sinking of the USS Maine
*In 1898, USS Maine was sent to Havana, to protest U.S interests during a Cuban revolt against Spain
*Although the explosion remains unknown, The Hearst & Pulitzer News papers blamed Spain for sabotage. - Yellow Journalism
*The sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people protest in the U.S -
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Expanding World Power
In this time period, American changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily. -
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Spanish-American War
CAUSE
*U.S wanted to become a empire, U.S intervention for the Cuban patriots against Spain from 1870's to 1889
LOCATION OF WAR
*Manila Bay in the Philippines on May 1, 1898, cevera led the Spanish to Santiago July 3 + tried to escape westbound along the coast
EFFECTS OF TREATY
*Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish War, made U.S a world power
*U.S Military After War- made it's navy stronger, because they thought a strong navy was essential to defend trade and grow international interest. -
San Juan Hill
*Was a decisive battle of Spanish-American war
*The San Juan heights was a north-south running elevation about 2 kilometers east of Santiago de Cuba
*Rough riders were ordered to engage 760 Spanish soldiers defending the San Juan heights. The battle that made T.R famous was actually fought on kettle Hill. -
"Open door policy"
*John Hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note, which urged them to announce that in their spheres of influence
*They would respect Chinese rights & the idea of fair competition
*The purpose was to give all nations equal rights when trading w/ China so other Euro. nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over China.
*Was aimed to enhance global trade & promote China's welfare & sovereignty. -
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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
(E)-Was William mckinleys vice president 1901 in September Roosevelt became president when William was assassinated.
(C)-"Speak softly and carry a big stick" Do not use verbal threats, but do make others aware that you are prepared to use physical forces- (U.S. Navy)
(D)-Crater Lake National park, Wind cave National park, Sully's Hill, Platt National park, Mesa Verde National park -
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Panama Canal
PURPOSE
*American leaders & businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply b/w Atlantic & Pacific Ocean
*Columbia owned Panama @ the time Teddy R. made a deal w/ Panamanian rebels who wanted independence. Since Columbia didn't want to negotiate, Warships were sent to protect Panama's rebels giving them their own country & gov.
*Roosevelt wanted the canal almost @ once. The contrustion ranged from thousands of lives, 10 years, and $4 million. -
Roosevelt Corollary
*The policy changed the Monroe Doctrine
*Was for no European nation to trade with Latin America "Chronic Wrongdoing" a phrase that included the large debts or civil unrest which led to U.S Military action
*It was considered "Yankee Imperialism" by Latin Americans because instead of helping them, they invaded Latin America about 35 times/ Creating an undisputed sphere of influence throughout the hemisphere "Speak softly and carry a big stick", the stick was the U.S Navy. -
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Dollar Dipliomacy
PURPOSE
*Promote American foreign policy goals
*Make America more money
*U.S bankers loaned money to Latin American countries. if they couldn't repay loans U.S Marines were sent in to assure repayment by force -
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WW1
*Leading by mid - August to the outbreak of WW1 which pitted Germany Austria - Hungary and the ottoman empire against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and Japan.
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism : was occurring in Europe while lead to the beginnings of WW1
*By the time WW1 in the defeat of central powers in November-1918 more than 9 Million solders had been killed.
*But the association of archduke Franz Ferdinand was the spark that started WW1. -
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Weapons of total war
A-Submarine Purpose: To go underwater
(E)Create mines (underwater bombs) (C)Enemy ships
B-Mines Purpose: To destroy surface ships & submarines
(E)To destroy their enemy's (C)Hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a Harbor.
C-Machine Guns Purpose: Not carry guns around this made it easier. (E)Took up to many men to work (C)Made war killing easier
D-Trench Welfare Purpose: Protect soldiers from enemy's
(C)Caused both sides to use same methods which protected them from machine -
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"Weapons of total War" part B
*Canned food- To feed soldiers during war, made easier thanks to the creation of tinned cans. The food didn't spoil for the man.
*Poison gas- During the warfare, poison gases based on mustard were used in WW1,later prohibited by the Genevieve protocol of 1925, later the chemical weapons convention of 1993.
*Tanks- Designed for front-line combat,also used as shield heavy machinery, had heavy power.
*Airplane- 1st used as a reconnaissance plane for the front-lines, later created a flying weapon. -
Sinking of Lustitania
*The sinking of the Conard Ocean liner RMS Lustitania occurred on 05/07/1915 during the 1st World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland the British Royal Navy blockaded Germany. -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
*Was first introduced in WW1 when Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries would be attacked by the German navy which led to the U.S into war.
*Submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers w/o warning. -
Sussex Pledge
*Promise made in 1916 during WW1 by Germany to the U.S
*The Sussex a french cross- channel passenger ferry was torpedoed w/o warning on March 24, 1916- about 50 lives were taken. -
Espionage Acts
*Interfering w/ war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about gov. or war effort.
*A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced 20 years in jail.
*A man by the man of Charles Schencte distributed 1,000 flyers to recently drafted men saying "Involuntary Servitude" was taken to trial. -
Zimmerman Telegram
*The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communication issued 4rm the German foreign office in Jan. 1917 that proposed a military alliance w/ Germany & Mexico in the event of the United States entering WW1 vs. Germany. -
The fourteen Point. Plan
*The fourteen point plans were distributed by the government writing for George Creal in the American committed
*Allies accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if Wilson would agree to two reservations. -
American Expeditionary Force
*The AEF consisted of the U.S Armed forces sent to Europe under the command of general John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight WW1.
*14,000 U.S soldiers had arrived in France and the AEF had only a minor participation.
*Nickname "doughboys" possibly because of the white belt they wore which they clean the pipe clay or "dough".
*Pershing believe in a combat and felt that 3 Years of trench warfare made allies too defensive. American forced to stop German advance. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
*BEF and French army would attack the German lines at Flanders
*Was one of a series of allured attacks known as the "Hundred Days Offensive"
*The battle was known for the lost battalion, The combine attack was an success and was to create the beginning of the war. -
Alvin York
*Was a 29 year old who was a typical draftee - underprivileged - undereducated.
*In the battle of the Argonne Forest w/ nothing but his pistol & rifle, he reportedly killed 25 Germans & captured 132 prisoners.
*He received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions. -
Supreme Court
*Issue: The first Amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war.
*Congress passed a law called the Esponage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was crime.
*The court ruled that there is limit to free speech. Free speech is not protected from falsely should "Fire" in a crowed theater and causing panic. The first Amendment did not protect words that create a "clear and present danger". -
Schenck vs. U.S
*Charles Schenck was convinced for distributing literature that encouraged men to resist the draft in WW1
*Schenck claims 1st amendment was violated
*Court ruled there were limits to Freedom of Speech like "Clear and present danger" & shouting "Five" in a crowded movie theater which is not protected ny the 1st amendment -
League of Nations
*The treaty created the league of nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors
*The US congress denied President Wilson's 14 points along with the league of nations
*The league was severely weaken when several major powers such as the US and Russia failed to join it.