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Period: to
Age of The Steamboat
-Movement of cargo that steamboats carried allowed raw materials such as lumber and nails for housing and stores
-During return trip they carried materials such as cotton which were important for the production of clothing
-America's economy prospered because of the steamboats
-By 1815, steamboats were the main vessels traveling the water -
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New Immigration
-Seeking personal , religious, or economic freedom
-Some immigrants such as Russians or Ukranian Jews came seeking refuge from religious oppression
-wanted social mobility offered by the "rags to riches" American dream
-Seeked employment, most new immigrants from Southern and European nations who fled were in dire economic times with high unemployment + limited opportunity
-Growth in industrial development
-Settled in places such as New York, Boston, and Philadelphia -
Morse Code
-Used to instantly communicate information and led to the eventual development of the telephone
-Electric telegraph transformed how communicating was conducted
-By the 1850s, telegraph wires ran next to RR tracks to most settlements in the U.S.
-Morse code led to the telegraph, telegraph led to telephone, telephone led to fax machine, fax machine led to internet, internet led to smart phone -
Captians of Industry Andrew Carnegie
-19th century industrialists
-Name "captians of industry" made in 1843
-Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry
-Controlled the most extensive interegated iron and steel operations ever owned by an individual in the US
-Adopted the Bessemer process for steel making -
Period: to
Tammy Hall and Boss Tweed
-Represented demo party
-Grant jobs and gov building contract to people who did him favors and encouraged judicial corruption in NYC
-Openly bought votes for politician in NY
-Embezzed city funds from NY
-New Irish immigrants were targeted to make vote in Tweed's favor, in return for help w/ housing and jobs -
Homestead Act
-Opened up settlement in the Western US allowing Americans and slaves to claim up to 160 free acres of land
-Created a war w/ Native Americans to protect their tribal land from white settlement
Gold in California, extended RR to expand westward -
1st Transcontinental Railroad
-Railroad sped up the transport to industries which sped up the process of making goods
-Affected settlement allowing easy transport west, people looked for land, cash crop, and new start
-Easy access to settle cattle for the cowboys/farmers with crops
-Making farmers feel threatened w/ railroads monopolies -
Captains of Industry John D. Rockerfeller
-He was the owner of standard oil company
-His money helped pay for the creation of universitiy of Chicago to which he gave more than $80 million
-Help found the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York and Rockefeller Foundation
-Standard oil got into the business itself with the purchase of pipelines and terminals setting up a system of transportation and distributing gas station is horizontal integration -
John D. Rockefeller
-Incorporated standard oil in 1870
-Built his first oil refinery near cleveland
-By 18882 he controlled some of 90% of U.S refineries and pipelines, this was considered a monopoly
-He built the Rockefeller center and donated to the U.S headquarters -
Period: to
Rise of Labor Unions
-Labor unions helped protect the rights of workers
-To be a part of labor unions workers from there apply for membership and pay dues
-The purpose of labor members who helped child labor
-Went on strike, boycott, and sometimes violence would occur
-Employers attempted to combat the unions w/ Sherman's antitrust laws
-Employers wanted to exclude unions from their business -
Bessemer Steel Process
-The removal of impurities f/ iron
-The Bessemer process revolutionized steel production, decreasing cost
-The process made steel 10x stronger than Iron
-RR went further, building grew high due to strength + low cost of steel -
Nast VS Boss Tweet
-Boss Tweed filled important political positions w/ friends
-Controlled the NYC gov and demo party
-Established a network of corruption known as "Tweed Ring"
-Thomas Nast oust Tweed w/ his cartoons and was
convicted on charges of forgery and larcery
-Stole millions of dollars from NYC
-Escaped prison to Spain, he was captured and sent back to NYC
-He was identified in Spain for Nast's cartoons -
Chinese Exclusionary Act
-First significant restriction on US immigration
-Prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers
-Act was originally intended to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892, and made permanent in 1902, but was repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943 -
Haymarket Riot
-Labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police
At least 8 people died
-8 radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing
-Haymarket Riot was viewed as a setback for the organized labor movement in America -
Hull House
-Located in Chicago
-Leaders-Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
-Purpose-Aid to the needy immigrants to assimilate to American customs
-Unique in this time period, because they were women -
Homestead Strike
-Labor workers went to state because pay wages were getting lower and lower as well as working conditions
-Andrew Carnegie was in Scotland while Henry Frick was in Chicago
-There was a miscommunication between them 2 and resulted in Henry using too much force overpower the strikers
-Labor was responsible for the strike
-Resulted in the weakening of unionism of the steel industry until the 1930s -
Period: to
Ellis Island
--Gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the U.S. as the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station
-As annuals from northern and western Europe-Germany, Ireland, Britain and the Scandinavian countries - slowed, more and more immigrants poured in from southern and eastern europe
-Immigrants who traveled 1st or 2nd class were able to pass through inspection w/o hassle, based on the fact that they could afford to travel 1st or 2nd, they were less likely to have medical issues -
Pullman Strike
-George Pullman increased working hours, cut wages, and cut jobs caused from depression in 1893
-The workers who belonged to the American Railroad Union protested and started the Pullman strike on May 11, 1894 -
Period: to
The Angel Island
-Was one entry into the US established by the US
-The gov detained immigrants sometimes for years, weeks to years before letting them into the US
-Asian immigrants felt humiliated having to disrobe in front of doctors
-Asian women were denied entry if they did not have a husband or father already in the country
-Asian immigrants were denied for small health problems -
Period: to
Cattle Drive Era
-Location in Texas but ended in the mid-west where the trains were that took the castle east
-Chicago and New York have more people, so the more the people the more they needed beef
-The new technology was barb wire that ended the open range -
Americanization Day
-Movement set about to reshape the eras image around themes of immigrants embracing American culture
-Across the country, immigrants and non immigrants gathered to sing patriotic songs, recite the Pledge of Allegiance and listen to speeches
-Pros: Spread culture and assimilation of immigrants into the U.S.
Cons: Takes away from immigrants sense of pride for their native country -
Period: to
Great Migration
-Push factor-radical tension, violence, poverty, lynching of African Americans led to not enough money
-Pull factor-job opportunities, community for African Americans development of ethics, neighborhoods specifically, voting was a right
-They moved to New York and Chicago
-Created their own African American communities