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Within days of the attack, President Roosevelt expanded the army to 227,000.
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Opinions on the peacetime draft changed after France surrendered to Germany.
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The air force created its first African American unit.
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Although the military did not end all segregation during the war, it did integrate military bases and steadily expanded the role of African Americans within the armed forces.
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It stated, "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries of government because of race, creed, color, or national origin."
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Roosevelt created the National Housing Agency to coordinate government housing programs.
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By the summer of 1942, almost all major industries and some 200,000 companies had converted to war production.
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Congress first allowed women in the military by creating the Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps. It appointed War Department official Oveta Culp Hobby as WAAC's first director.
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The federal government arranged for Mexicans farmworkers to help harvest crops in the Southwest as part of the Bracero Program, which continued until 1964
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After hearing rumors that soot-suiters had attacked several sailors, some 2,500 soldiers and sailors attacked Mexican American neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
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Racial Violence erupted in Detroit, the Detroit Race Riot of 1943 was deeply rooted in racism, poor living conditions and unequal access to goods and services.