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Pentagon Papers
The Pentagon Papers was the name given to a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. -
Fulbright Commission
The US-UK Fulbright Commission was created by a treaty signed by both countries on 22 September 1948. It is a non-profit organization based in London, UK. Its aim is to foster mutual cultural understanding through educational exchange between both nations. -
Eisenhower Administration
Dwight D. Eisenhower: The 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the U.S. Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. Eisenhower called for progressive conservativism. That implied that traditional American values included change and progress. He took the lead in building the Interstate Highway System in 1956, and the establishment of NASA. -
Dien Bien Phu
as the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist revolutionaries. It was a set piece battle to draw out the Vietnamese and destroy them with superior firepower. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations underway at Geneva among several nations over the future of Indochina. -
Geneva Accords
resulted from a conference in Geneva, Switzerland, from 26 April to 21 July 1954 that focused primarily on resolving the war between French forces and those of the North Vietnam, led by the nationalist-communist Ho Chi Minh. The conference included representatives from Great Britain, France, the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United State, North Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and the State of Vietnam -
Kennedy Administration Continued
In October 1962, the Kennedy administration learned that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis. Ultimately, the United States and the Soviet Union came to an agreement to end the crisis, and the Soviets withdrew the missiles. To contain Communist expansion in Asia, Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18. -
Kennedy Administration
The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20, 1961, inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States, and ended on November 22, 1963, upon his assassination, A Democrat, he took office following the 1960 presidential election, in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon.Kennedy's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and Cuba. In Cuba, a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro, -
Johnson Administration
The presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson began on November 22, 1963, when Johnson became the 36th President of the United States upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. .Johnson expanded upon the New Deal with the Great Society, a series of domestic legislative programs to help the poor and downtrodden. After taking office, he won passage of a major tax cut, the Clean Air Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Social Security Amendments of 1965,Voting Rights Act of 1965 -
Gulf of Tonkin
An international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a signals intelligence patrol , was pursued by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron.Maddox fired three warning shots and the North Vietnamese boats then attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. -
Tonkin Resolution
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Pub.L. 88–408, 78 Stat. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. -
Tet Offensive
a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout South Vietnam. It was considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War. -
My Lai Massacre
The Mỹ Lai Massacre was the Vietnam War mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam, on 16 March 1968 -
Vietnamization
Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops. -
Nixon Administration
The presidency of Richard Nixon began on January 20, 1969, when Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States Nixon advocated a "New Federalism" domestic program model, one in which certain powers would devolve back to the states. The creation of the EPA, and the integration of Southern public schools happened during his presidency, the end of military draft and the Apollo program, which successfully landed Americans on the Moon. -
Invasion of Cambodia
The Invasion of Combodia was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during 1970 by the United States and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) as an extension of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The invasions were a policy of President Richard Nixon; 13 major operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam -
Christmas Bombing
The Christmas Bombing was a US Seventh Air Force and US Navy Task Force 77 aerial bombing campaign, conducted against targets in the North Vietnam during the final period of US involvement in the Vietnam War. The operation was conducted from December 18 to 19 1972 and was to be a "maximum effort" bombing campaign to "destroy major target complexes in the Hanoi and Haiphong areas, which could only be accomplished by B-52s" -
Daniel Ellsberg
He released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers On January 3, 1973, Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy. Due to government misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering,Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. -
Paris Peace Conference/Accords
The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. -
War Powers Act
The War Powers Resolution is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States. -
Ford Administration
The presidency of Gerald Ford began on August 9, 1974, when Gerald Ford became President of the United States upon the resignation of Richard Nixon from office. Ford's first major act upon taking office was to grant a presidential pardon to Nixon, prompting a major backlash to Ford's presidency. He also created a conditional clemency program for Vietnam War draft dodgers. Much of Ford's focus in domestic policy was on the economy, which experienced a recession during his tenure. -
Fall of Saigon
The Fall of Saigon, or the Liberation of Saigon, was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong on 30 April 1975.