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Period: to
The Cold War (#); The Civil Rights Movement (**); and The Vietnam War (@)
-The Cold War **-The Civil Rights Movement
@-The Vietnam War -
# Yalta Conference
Churchill, FDR, and Stalin held meetings to discuss the reorganization of the war torn parts of Europe. As a result Germany was split into sections in which each section was controlled by either the allies or Soviets. Due to the competition for power and control between the U.S. and Soviets that this conference started, among other things, the Cold War began. -
# The United States drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima
The United States detonated the first nuclear weapon on Hiroshima, Japan. This shows that the United States was more advanced than the Soviets in terms of technology. -
**Morgan v. Virginia
Black women didn't give un seat on bus. Arrested. Inspired more blacks to resist segregation. -
# Executive Order 9835
Truman signs the Executive Order 9835 creating the "Federal Employees Loyalty Program". This program allowed people to be questioned if they had any involvement with the Communist party. The paranoia of Communist influence spreading helped start the Second Red Scare. -
#The Hollywood Ten
When ten members in the entertainmaint industry refused to answer when questioned by HUAC (House Un-American Committee), they became the first people to be blacklisted during the Second Red Scare period. -
#The Committee for the First Amendment
The Committee for the First Amendment was formed and comprised of actors and others in the entertainment industry in order to support The Hollywood Ten. Among the members were well known celebrities such as Judy Garland and Frank Sinatra -
# The Soviets sets off its first atomic bomb
The Soviets detonate their first nuclear weapon. This reveals that the Soviets were catching up the United States in the field of science. -
#The Hiss Case
After a lengthy investigation, Alger Hiss, a high ranking Stae Department official was found to be part of a secret Communist network. This event increased the mass hysteria in the country and convinced the American people that a government official could be giving out information to Soviets. -
#The Wheeling Speech
McCarthy made a list of 205 members of the Communist Party that were working under State Department. This speech started the era of McCarthyism. -
#The Red Channels
This was a pamphplet released to the public listing 151 people in the entertainment industry believed to have ties with Communism. The people listed became part of what is known as the "Hollywood Blacklist" and were all laid off of their jobs and were not allowed to get their jobs back. -
#The McCarran Internal Security Act
This act was really controversial because it could potential violate the American people's right to peaceful assembly. This act recquired that any person ever trained as a spy had to register with the Justic Department and made the deportation of Communists, and imprisonment of suspected spies legal. -
#The Rosenberg Execution
It was claimed that Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were giving away information about American nuclear weapons. The two became the first civilians in the United States convicted and sentenced to death because of espionage. -
@ Vietnam occupy France
Vietnamese forces occupy the French command post at Dien Bien Phu and the French commander orders his troops to cease fire. The battle had lasted 55 days. -
**Brown v. Board of Education
Topeka, Kansas. Took away the "separate but equal" idea, and encouraged to create equal educational opportunities for all races. -
**Murder of Emitt Till
2 white men got away with murdering black teenager. Made whites feel they could get away with crimes against blacks. -
**Montgomery Bus Boycott
Blacks boycotted the bus system of Montgomery for over a year to protest against segregated seating. Bus company gave in and desegregated buses. -
**Civil Rights Act of 1957
Meant to increase to number of black voters, but few were willing to vote in fear of groups like KKK. -
**Little Rock Nine
Nine black children in Little Rock, Arkansas, were allowed to attend a white shcool to try desegregating schools. Failed, but gained support to desegregate schools. -
# The Soviets launch Sputnik
The Soviets launch the first satellite into outerspace. This puts the Soviets ahead in the space race. -
**Greensboro, North Carolina Sit In.
Blacks sat at tables/counters they weren't supposed to but did not use violence to fight back. Gained support for movement by using passive resistance. -
#U2 Incident
United States U2 spy plane shot down in Russia. This created even more tension between the United States and the Soviets -
# Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin-first man to orbit Earth
The Soviets succesfully sent the first man into space. Puts Soviets ahead of the United States in space race. -
@ Operation Chopper
In Operation Chopper, helicopters flown by U.S. Army pilots ferry 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers to sweep a NLF stronghold near Saigon. America's first combat missions against the Vietcong. They spread Agent Orange. -
**Children's March
Black children marched through Birmingham, Alabama. They were beaten/arrested/attacked with fire hoses. Caused more people to join the movement. -
@ Monk Sets Himself on Fire
Buddhist Monk Quang Duc sets himself on fire in protest against Diem government policies. -
**March On Washington
250,000 whites marched to D.C. to protest segregation laws. Ended with Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
@Diem is Overthrown
South Vietnam's president, Ngo Dinh Diem, is overthrown by a military coup. Diem, along with being overthrown by the coup, was also killed. -
**Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited the discrimination of any religion/race/gender. -
@ U.S.S. Maddox Attacked
The U.S.S. Maddox is attacked by North Vietnamese PT boats. The Maddox had been sailing in the Gulf of Tonkin since July 28, 1964, to support covert South Vietnamese forces operating against North Vietnamese shore installations. The American ship fights off the PT boats, which launch 3 torpedos, none of which strike the Maddox. -
@ US Aircraft Attack North Vietnam
In response to the attack on the U.S.S. Maddox, President Johnson orders an attack by US aircraft on North Vietnam. F-8 Crusader A-4 Skyhawks and Skyraiders take part in the attack. -
@ Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
The U.S. congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson the power to take whatever actions he sees necessary to defend southeast Asia. -
@ US Heli Base Attacked
Viet Cong troops attack a helicopter base at Camp Halloway. The troops blow up the barracks of US military advisors at Pleiku, killing 8 and wounding 126. -
@ Vietcong Attack
A Vietcong-placed bomb explodes in a hotel in Qui Nonh, killing 23 American servicemen. -
@ Operation Rolling Thunder
President Johnson authorizes Operation Rolling Thunder, a limited but long lasting bombing offensive. Its aim is to force North Vietnam to stop supporting Vietcong guerrillas in the South. -
**Selma to Montgomery March
Blacks walked a 54 mile march in order to get rights to vote. -
@ Westmoreland Sweeps Saigon
General William Westmoreland launches the first purely offensive operation by American ground forces in Vietnam, sweeping into NLF territory just northwest of Saigon. -
**Voting Rights Act of 1965
Gave all blacks the right to vote. Took away literacy tests so that more blacks had the opportunity to vote. -
@ Operation Masher
In the largest search and destroy mission up to that point in the war, Operation Masher, 2,389 Viet Cong casualties are reported. The name of the operation is changed from Operation Masher to White Wing at the insistence of the President. The operation combined US and Vietnamese troops in sweeps and amphibious assaults. Operation Masher continued until March 6. -
@ Operation Cedar Falls
After the success of Operation Attleboro, Operation Cedar Falls is launched.The goal of the operation is to rout out Viet Cong base camps in the Iron Triangle. Americans commanders hoped that the Vietcong forces will standand fight. The operation is successful in uncovering large caches of arms and other equipment. The Viet Cong do not choose to fight, but 750 Vietcong are killed. -
@ Tet Offensive
On the first day of the Tet (lunar New Year) truce, the Viet Cong launch their biggest offensive of the war. One thousand Viet Cong troops infiltrate the city of Saigon. The Communist troops capture the Citadel at Hue and seize part of the US embassy in Saigon. It takes two weeks to completely rout out the Viet Cong troops. -
**Kerner Comission
White racsim was discussed, and it called for new jobsto be created , to construct new housing and to end de facto segregation. -
@ My Lai Massacre
a massacre of South Vietnamese civilians by US troops due to faulty intelligence. Between 300-500 civilians were shot dead by American troops because they believed they were working with the Viet Cong. The resulting cover up also helped tarnish American reputation -
** Martin Luther King Jr. Assasination
This event pretty much made it so that the Civil rights movement had lost a lot of advocates for it as many people started to break out in riots all over the place the day after he was assasinated -
**Freedom Riders
Blacks and whites rode buses down south to move the Civil Rights Movement into the deep south. -
# United States lands first man on the moon
the Apollo 11 flight successfully landed the first humans on the moon. This put the United States way ahead of the Soviets in the space race and in scientific advancements
