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Temporarily settled the issue of slavery’s expansion by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. -
Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and had no legal standing, reinforcing slavery. -
Issued by President Lincoln, it declared the freedom of slaves in Confederate states. -
Abolished slavery in the United States. -
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and provided equal protection under the law. -
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying the right to vote based on race. -
Increased political participation and representation of Black Americans and other marginalized groups in local, state, and national government. -
Established the “separate but equal” doctrine, legalizing racial segregation. -
The civil rights movement influenced public opinion, leading to increased media coverage of racial injustice and greater representation of African Americans in popular culture and professional fields. -
Some Southern states engaged in “Massive Resistance” by shutting down public schools rather than integrating them. -
Police Chief Bull Connor used fire hoses, police dogs, and brutal force against peaceful civil rights protesters, including children. -
These were local organizations, primarily in the South, formed by white business leaders and politicians to oppose desegregation. -
state troopers violently attacked voting rights marchers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge -
Supreme Court decision that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. -
Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, paving the way for integration.
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Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest, this protest against bus segregation led to a Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in public transportation. -
Nine Black students integrated Central High School in Arkansas under federal protection. -
Initiatives like affirmative action and government programs provided better access to education, business opportunities, and homeownership for historically disadvantaged communities. -
Banned segregation in public places and prohibited employment discrimination. -
Laws such as the Civil Rights Act and the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission helped reduce workplace discrimination and opened up job opportunities for minorities and women. -
As a result of civil rights activism, public places such as restaurants, buses, schools, and workplaces were legally integrated -
Prohibited segregation in public spaces and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Abolished the poll tax, which had been used to suppress Black voters, particularly in the South. -
to block the civil rights act of 1964 -
Eliminated literacy tests and other barriers that prevented Black Americans from voting. -
Eliminated literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory practices that disenfranchised Black voters, leading to a major increase in voter participation.
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Prohibited discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, or national origin. -
Outlawed housing discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, or sex, addressing redlining and segregation in housing.
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Expanded civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities. -
Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.