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Missouri Compromise
Temporarily settled the issue of slavery’s expansion by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and had no legal standing, reinforcing slavery. -
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by President Lincoln, it declared the freedom of slaves in Confederate states. -
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States. -
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and provided equal protection under the law. -
15th Amendment
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying the right to vote based on race. -
Greater Representation in Government
Increased political participation and representation of Black Americans and other marginalized groups in local, state, and national government. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Established the “separate but equal” doctrine, legalizing racial segregation. -
Shifts in Public Perception and Media Representation
The civil rights movement influenced public opinion, leading to increased media coverage of racial injustice and greater representation of African Americans in popular culture and professional fields. -
Massive Resistance
Some Southern states engaged in “Massive Resistance” by shutting down public schools rather than integrating them. -
Police chief using brutal force
Police Chief Bull Connor used fire hoses, police dogs, and brutal force against peaceful civil rights protesters, including children. -
Local organizations
These were local organizations, primarily in the South, formed by white business leaders and politicians to oppose desegregation. -
State troopers violent attacks
state troopers violently attacked voting rights marchers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge -
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court decision that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, paving the way for integration. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest, this protest against bus segregation led to a Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in public transportation. -
Little Rock Nine
Nine Black students integrated Central High School in Arkansas under federal protection. -
Expansion of Economic Programs
Initiatives like affirmative action and government programs provided better access to education, business opportunities, and homeownership for historically disadvantaged communities. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned segregation in public places and prohibited employment discrimination. -
Equal Employment Opportunities
Laws such as the Civil Rights Act and the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission helped reduce workplace discrimination and opened up job opportunities for minorities and women. -
Desegregation of Public Facilities
As a result of civil rights activism, public places such as restaurants, buses, schools, and workplaces were legally integrated -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited segregation in public spaces and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
24th Amendment
Abolished the poll tax, which had been used to suppress Black voters, particularly in the South. -
Blocking civil rights
to block the civil rights act of 1964 -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated literacy tests and other barriers that prevented Black Americans from voting. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory practices that disenfranchised Black voters, leading to a major increase in voter participation. -
Fair Housing Act
Prohibited discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, or national origin. -
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Outlawed housing discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, or sex, addressing redlining and segregation in housing. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Expanded civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.