-
Oct 31, 1492
Columbus lands in the "New World"
columbian exchange -> "cultural diffustion", trading
English defeat Spanish and ***gain "New World" -
Settlers arrive at Roanoke Island
Sir Walter Raleigh- establishes "Lost Colony" (Roanoke Island in OBX) --b/c of lack of supplies the inhabitants disappear ***first attempt to colonize in the new world -
Jamestown established
want $, called Virginia b/c of virgin queen, thought James River connected to China
John Smith=leader
Tobacco- cash crop***
Headright Policy- if you cna pay to come to VA we will giv eyou 50 acres/person (*start of big plantations)
1st General Assembly-they make the laws NOT THE KING, voted on who represents them
women and African slaves arrive (at first endentured)
conflict with the Indians
King trying to take control -
Mayflower Compact
NOT LAWS, promise to God that they will meet when necessary to discuss/make laws
***starting to make their own decisions -
John Winthrop's "City Upon a HIll" speech
follow God's words=good
community before self***
sticking together -> invincible ***
Boston= on a hill... we are the leaders -
Period: to
Pequot War
British settler was murdered and they assumed it was the Pequot Indians so settlers set fire to their village. The Indian survivors get back by attacking the Massachusets village. The survivors were sent to be slaves in the Bahamas.
***not on good terms with Indians -
Anne Hutchinson is kicked out of Massachusetts Bay Colony
because she said that she spoke to God -> her luck turns bad after that
***religion is VERY important to the colonists -
Bacon's Rebellion
in VA taxes were raised so that you had to be "elite" to afford land, this forces indentured servants to move west, where they run into more indians... Bacon wants to wipe out the indians and since they have no militia and the governor isn't letting them use the colonial militia, Bacon burns Jamestown and takes over... but then he dies and so does the rebellion
***the lower class is more influential than the upper classes thought... the upper classes want the lower class on their side -
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Salem Witch Trials
There were people in Salem, Massachusetts who were acused of witchcraft and tried, many were killed ***colonists were scared of evil reaching them -
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Benjamin Franklin lives
***poster boy for enlightenment
low class-> high class
very religious family- sees God as creator, not omnipresent being->stops going to church
on committee to write the Decleration of Independence -
Johnathan Edwards delivers "Sinners in the Hands of and Angry God" sermon
you guys are sinning and God is trying not to punish you. Stop sinning!!
***using religion to try and control people -
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French and Indian War
French and Indians vs. British and colonists
***now colonists had debt with Britain, to get their money Britain started paying attention to the colonies- no more salutary neglect -
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Alexander Hamilton lives
Secretary of Treasury
didn't like Jefferson
National bank was his idea
was never elected president becuase no one liked him -
Treaty of Paris
after the French and Indian War
French OUT, Louisiana goes to Spanish, conflict with Indians
***can take land from Indians, French out, Britain increases taxes again -
Proclamation of 1763
line through Appalachian that the colonists can't pass
some settler don't listen -> how Pittsburgh is formed -> they have to protection ***not listening to Britain (rebellion feeling beginning) -
Sugar Act
import tax on molasses goes down -> encourages people to follow the law
but they raise the tax on everything else ***1st time Britain puts tax on colonists to get revenue -
Stamp Act
colonists have to buy a stamp that goes on EVERYTHING printed ***pushing the colonists' temper closer to rebellion -
Quartering Act
colonists have to feed and house British soldiers whenever, wherever
mostly impacts New York ***colonists are really angry with Britain -
Townshend Acts
Charles Townshend is mad at NY because they are not following the Quartering Act, says that NY assembly cannot meet until the pay for not following the Quartering Act
Revenue Acts- more taxes (tea) ***Britain trying to regain control of colonies -
Boston Massacre
A group of people in Boston started throwing things at the customs house guard, which caused more guards to come. The guards open fire on the group. ***feeling of rebellion is spreading and plausible now -
Boston Tea Party
new Parliament member wants to save British East India Company so he sells tea to the colonists -> the colonists won't buy it so Britian lowers the taxes -> still don't buy it
when a shipment comes into the Boston Harbour, Samuel Adams and Sons of Liberty pour all th tea in the Harbour, while dressed as Indians ***saying- we still won't follow you -
Intolerable/Coercive Acts
close Boston Harbour because Britain is mad at Boston
if the colonists are accused of acts agains the crown the trial will be in England
"New Quartering Act"
close Massachusets right to have a government
***still trying to totally control the colonies -
1st Continental Congress
Meet in Philadelphia- null + void all acts, taxes, etc., reach out to everyone in Massachusets to gather arms, create economic sanction- keep boycotting by trading with others not Britain, Declaration of American rights ***1st government in America, REBELLION -
2nd Continental Congress
meets in Philadelphia during a Fort Ticonderoga
dont have any money and not much power, name George Washington the Commander in Chief of Continental Army ***British army is being paid vs America being paid with pride -
Battle of Bunker Hill
British beat America -> but considered a victory -> confidence boost for Massachusets
kill British as they were coming up the hill until they ran out of gunpowder
get more militia men -> not a forced draft, a peer pressure draft ***colonists feel that they can win -
Olive Branch Petition
attempt to have rights of colonists
king rejects -> declares colonies in rebellion ***American is open enemy to British -
Lexington & Concord
first shot at Lexington-> Britaish won then went to Concord
their goal was to get John Adams and John Hancock from Lexington and arms from Concord
Paul Revere told the colonists that the British were coming
***didnt attain their goal but they shot more people in the battlefield, actual fighting between Britain and America -
Common Sense
1st annonymus magazine, boosts morale so they read it to down soldiers
Thomas Paine wrote it ->Father of the revolution
***common sense of matter is that we can't be under King George -
Declaration of Independence
5 guys chosen to write it- John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, TJ ends up writing the whole thing
rights of people, obligation to get rid of government that takes away people's rights, unite as free and independent states
***wrote what we wanted -
Battle of Saratoga
in New York... America won becuase they had more people
***alliance with French -
Articles of Confederation
***legalize the status quo- states have rights
create weak central government
no national currency -> each state has their own -> makes intersate commerce difficult
weak congress- only legislative branch- 1 state, 1 vote -
Period: to
Henry Clay lives
from VA
was at constitutional convention
studied under Thomas Jefferson->republican
gambler, drinker, etc. terrible temper -> lots of duels
American System- for strengthening economy
1. High Tariffs
2. Higher Land Price
3. Keep increasing power of National Bank -
Surrender at Yorktown
America and France blockaded General Cornwallis (British) in Yorktown while America was having a naval battle with them - they had no where to run - he surrenders ***Britain lost hope after this -
Treaty of Paris
***formally recognize independence of US
can't go past Mississippi River, N and S borders aren't clarified
Spain gets FL back
US still owes Britain money
states should give back loyalists' property -
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest territory-> use it to get revenue
send surveyers to find 36 square miles township-> divide township into 36 parts
government starts selling land
16th square always had to be reserved for education
***starting to set some laws etc. -
Shays' Rebellion
farmers block off the local courthouse so that land can't be auctioned - SPREADS
some form of militia needed to stop them, but governemnt can't pay them, so private people pay for them ***highlights the weakness of the Articles of Confederation -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
territories- 3/5 divide
once there is 5,000 freed white men you can elect a legislature
once there is 60,00 people you can write a consititution and apply to become a state
***equal standing with all states
legislature cannot allow slavery ***slavery abolished!!! -
Constitutional Convention
Patrick Henry didn't attend because he smelt a rat
****meeting which addressed many issues which were resolved by the Three-Fifths Compromise, Electoral College, and the Great Compromise -
The Great Compromise
problem: state representation in legislature
Ideas for Compromise:
Virginia Plan- bicameral legislature in both, each states representation is based on population, written by Madison
New Jersey Plan- unicameral legislature where each state has equal representation, written by William Paterson
***solution: bicameral legislature, Senate-NJ Plan, House of Representative-VA Plan -
3/5 Compromise
problem: counting of slaves for taxation and representation in Congress
Conflicting Ideas:
North: slaves should count for taxation not representation
South: slaves should count for representation not taxation
***solution: every 5 slaves is counted as 3 free white men -
The Federalist Papers
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison wrote them
85 articles and essays that promote the ratification of the US constitution
***system of checks and balances -
Period: to
George Washington's presidency
1st national bank is chartered
Whiskey Rebellion was suppressed by national government
John Adams was VP
1st president of US
*farewell address warned Americans agains sectionalism and political parties
Jay's Treaty was signed between US and British
Pinckney's Treaty helped encourage American trade and expansion
conflict between Jefferson and Hamilton overwhelmed the cabinet to such an extent that Jefferson "retired"
Citizen Genet visited the US to gain American support for the French Revolution -
Bill of Rights
***10 ammendments to the Constitution so that the Anti-Federalists states would sign
1- freedom of religion, press, expression
2- right to bear arms
3- quartering of soldiers banned
4- search and seizure
5- trial punishment, compensation for takings
6- right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses
7- trial by jury in civil cases
8- cural and unusual punishment
9- construction of constitution
10- powers of the states and people -
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Whiskey Rebellion
tax on alcohol by Hamilton
whiskey is a cash crop so this makes farmers very angry
no violence but Washington sends militia out
***shows we have strong central government and now we can stop rebellions (unlike Shay's) -
Period: to
Citizen Genet comes to America
to gain support from America for the French Revolution
***Washington tell him that America is staying neutral- win for Federalists
Jefferson so mad he resigned -
Jay's Treaty
Goals:
1. British leave the forts in US- Yes in 2 yrs
2. Want money to pay reperations for the ships- Yes
3. Pay us back for the slaves you freed- NOPE
4. Negotiate with Indies so we can trade with them- NOPE
Britain says- anytime they go to war we may not trade with the country they're against
Jay signs it
***Washington is happy but everyone else isn't-> back under control of Britain -
Pinckney's Treaty
Spain's acceptance of American borders
open access to Mississippi
no Indian attacks against each other
***growing American power -> moving farther W -
Washington's Farewell Address
resigns after 2 terms
**says America should avoid long term connections/perceptions
**warns agains too many divisions -
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John Adam's presidency
Thomas Jefferson- VP
Alien and Sedition Acts
XYZ Affair
"lame duck" moves included increasing Federalist control of the judicial branch -
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XYZ Affair
US wants to negotiate with France but France sends 3 men (X,Y,Z) to tell US that to talk to the French government the US has to pay 250,000-> Adams refuses -
Alien & Sedition Acts
have to live in US for 14 yrs to be a citizen- because Jefferson was sending French immigrants to vote republican
deportation of aliens- can kick them out whenever he wants
illegal to rebel against government- against ammendment 1 ***causes Adams to lose re election -
Period: to
John Marshall is chief justice
Adams appointed John Marshall as Supreme Court Chief Justice
in Marbury v Madison he says that Jefferson and Madison are doing the wrong thing, but the Supreme Court doesn't have constitutional power to require the president to appoint him -
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Thomas Jefferson's presidency
3rd president of US
first president to be inaugurated in DC
Aaron Burr-VP
Secratary of State before becoming President
feared tyranny and loved liberty
bought the Louisiana Territory from France
Marbury vs. Madison
convinced Congress members to cast blank ballots
Embargo Act
intentional to live "simply" as the President
outlawed participation in foreign slave trade
supported Lewis and Clark expedition
***first time political party of President switched -
Louisiana Purchase
US was scared because France still had land near them
Napolean offers to sell the land for $15 million
HUGE land VERY cheap
unconstitutional because it might have taken too much time and Napolean might change his mind
treat it as a treaty -> everyone approves of it
***doubles the land we have -
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Lewis & Clark Expedition
send them to survey new land
journals, maps, etc.
claim that they put first stake in Oregon
Sacagawea- wife of French guide
makes Jefferson popular-> federalists- scared -
Embargo Act
US cannot trade internationally
wants to become more self-sufficient
rise in smuggling, federalist have something to not like Jefferson for ->loss in popularity
***repealed pretty fast -
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James Madison's presidency
mediocre president
his administration was caught up in foreign affairs and repeatedly overestimated how much leverage the nation had
was Secretary of State before becoming President
Star Spangled Banner is penned
War of 1812
Henry Clay's American System really influenced the economics and politics of that time
Hartford Convention is held in Connecticut
4th President of US
Treaty of Ghent
Battle of Tippecanoe -
War of 1812
trying to negotiate with Britain for trading -> Britain says not to treaty -> Declare war on Britain
Battle of Tippecanoe- find out that Britian is supplying the Indians with weaponry
by the time they declared war Britain had signed the treaty but the US didnt know
Chesapeake- burn the Capitol building, British tried to go to Baltimore but the weather stopped them
Star Spangled Banner was made
Treaty of Ghent- everything goes back to the way it was
Hartford Convention- federalist meeting -
Period: to
James Monroe's presidency
Adams-Onis Treaty
US gained control of Florida
McCulloch v Maryland
was Secretary of State before becoming President
financial panic of 1819
Monroe Doctrine
5th President of US
Gibbons v Ogden
Missouri Compromise
Era of Good Feelings
Economic nationalism is really at its height -
Adams Onis Treaty
got US the Spanish territory-> so that we can make transcontinental railroad- Atlantic to Pacific
***first big step after Louisiana Purchase -
Financial Panic of 1819
Britain finds cheaper source for cotton-> cotton prices go down-> prices for other items go down too
Fraud in National Bank-> farmers need loans, bank needs money, bank starts taking some money-> gets a new guy to run it
***realize how much they depend on cotton->slaves -
McCulloch v. Maryland
***state government doesn't have right to tax national bank -
Missouri Compromise
representation in Senate-> equal (11 free, 11 not)
should new states be slave or free???
Missouri applies for slave state
Maine shortly after applies to be a free state -> BALANCE
***Ban of slavery north of the 36 30' in Louisiana Purchase Territory
seen as victory for slave states becuase the territory in N is desert -
Monroe Doctrine
- No further European colonization in W. Hemisphere
- Political systems are different between countries, if they come into W. Hemisphere -> ***threat to US
- We won't interfere with existing European-controlled colonies
- We will stay out of internal affairs in Europe
-
Gibbons v. Ogden
conflict over who controls Hudson River (between NY and NJ)
states trying to exclude special rights to certain companies
NO!
***National government regulates interstate commerce -
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John Quincy Adams' presidency
1st President + VP on one ticket
corrupt bargain- Jackson had more other votes, Adams won House vote
quiet, shy, smartest guy to run country, doesn't have connection to people
***messed up his 1st address to Congress because he references multiple European monarchies
National Republican -
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Andrew Jackson's presidency
military hero from South, vague on his beliefs, support slavery
common man, fought his way up
Nullification Controversey
Bank Controversey
Panic of 1837
Indian Removal Act
Force Act -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Trail of Tears- sent to W of Mississippi, didn't happen under Jackson-> but influenced it
Cherokees go to court-> Marshall-> deserve land
***Jackson-> good luck enforcing it... ->still force them to leave -
Jackson vetoes charter of Bank of US
Congress says YES to charter Bank of US, Jackson vetoes, and there is no 2/3 majority
***Government money-> state banks-> INFLATION -
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Nullification Controversy
South Caroline- issue with protective tariffs
Supremecy Clause- against SC's want to nullify
SC nullifies tariffs of 1828 and 1832
AJ-> Force Act- use army and navy to collect taxes
Clays compromise- lower tariffs -> SC happy
SC nullifies Force Act just to nullify
***tyrant of Jackson showing through -
Panic of 1837
states in debt, England -> depression (impacts us)
***1/3 of population=unemployed
people unhappy with MVB -
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Martin Van Buren's presidency
was opposite of the Whigs- haters of Jackson
Panic of 1837 -
William Henry Harrison wins 1840 Election
Log Cabin and Hard Cider
whig candidate-> wins
***doesn't have a political platform
make him look like a common man -> not power hungry, would be just as happy living in Ohio in his Log Cabin making Hard Cider