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12,000 BCE
Bering Land bridge
The first Americans came 27,000 years ago on the Bering Land Bridge. It was a connection between Asia and North America that allowed people from Asia to come to North America. The Bering land bridge was formed by a narrow channel called the bering strait. When the ice age happened sea levels around the world dropped and a land bridge merged from the sea and the two contientes connected, -
2000 BCE
Maya
The Maya is an ancient Mesoamerican civilization.They were established around 2000 B.C. The Mayans believed in the caste system. They participated in the human sacrifice they believed that each human that was sacrificed was honoring their God. The Mayans continued some of the traditions the Olmecs practiced such as the ballgame and calender. -
Period: 1200 BCE to 1600 BCE
Beginnings To Exploration
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27 BCE
Rome
The Ancient Rome civilization was established around the 8th century. Ancient Rome only lasted about 20-30 years. The people of Rome created the Roman law which was a legal system to help govern the civilization. The twelve tables was a code of law. Romans took action in trying to govern themselves. The Roman Empire fell due to the Barbarian invasion, Ancient Rome had friece enemies and the Barbarians was the main cause of the fall of the Ancient Rome empire -
1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a "Rebirth" period in Europe. During this term, many ideas and new technology were invented. For Example, one of the biggest inventions was the printing press made by Johan Gutenberg in 1440. , It had a huge impact on the knowledge others had on anatomy and medicine, Post feudal economy was also introduced in this era, where society was structuring relationships by exchanging labor or services for land.Leonardo De Vinci also was an important person during this era. -
1347
The Black Death
The Black Death came to Europe in October 1347.This was one of the deadliest outbreaks in history.Many believed that this disease came from rodents. The fleas that rodents had jumped onto humans causing them to have painful symptoms.This disease transformed society. There were no workers, the merchant society began to form, the economy went down so merchants, landowners, and peasants were trying to fix the economy. 50 million people died from this disease. -
1519
Conquest of the Aztecs
In 1519 Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs Empire. He sailed from Cuba. He allied with the enemies of the Aztecs to help capture emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan. The Spanish gained a victory from the Aztecs -
English Colonization
When it came to Colonization, England was a latecomer. There were issues between the Catholic vs. Protestant. Spanish colonization was growing rapidly and England felt that they wanted to do the same.Privateers raided Spanish ships and in 1588 England defeated Spanish Armada, The English also conquered Ireland. The first English settlement was in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Lower South Slavery
Slaves were needed to aid in the production of crops such as tobacco. Pirates brought the first slaves to Jamestown in 1619. Tabacco became the main cash crop. Indentured servants came to North America. The only way they could come to America was if they signed a contract promising they will work on the fields. Labor was hard for them due to the harsh conditions they had to work in. -
New England Colonies
The New England colonies consist of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Many people settled in Plymouth because they believed that England and Holland were too corrupt. John Winthrop was the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.In this colony, there was selected settlers and family always stayed together: Family was very important. The towns were built around a church or town center. Connecticut was created from Massachusetts church congregations. -
Caribbean Colonies
The British colonized in the Caribbean also.Sugar was a big deal in the Caribbean and Europeans loved sugar. They used it for almost everything. For instance, they put sugar in thier tea.Barbados was land for labor. Many people went out to get sugar canes. Slaves were brought to the Caribbean.There were so many slaves that they outnumbered the whites. -
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade was 10-15 million enslaved people were transported from Africa to America. Some slaves were transported to North America, Central America, West Indes and South America. The Atlantic Slave Trade was to help maintain Americans economic stability. The Atlantic Slave Trade will lead to social and political problems later on. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts was a series of Acts passed by Parliment. Since the Colonies were making a lot of money and becoming wealthy on their own, The Navigation Acts was made to control colonial trade in the colonies and allowed England to collect a taxes in the Colonies. The Navigation acts required all European goods for America to be shipped through England first. The Navigation Acts caused resentment in the colonies and it was one of the causes of the American Revoultion. -
Proprietary Colonies
The Proprietary Colonies consists of New York, Pennsylvania, Carolina and New Jersey. New York and New Jersey were the last of the charter Colonies. Oliver Cornwell ruled England as a republic and he stopped colonization but Charles II had the monarchy re-established and colonization will continue. William Penn was the founder of Pennsylvania. He wanted to create religious refugee for Quakers. Carolina was created for two things: buffer between spansh Florida and to make money. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless revolution. It was when the overthrow of King James II of England.This revolution replaced King James II with the joint monarchy of his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. This revolution established a constitutional monarchy in Great Britain.This was a form of government that formed monarch acts as head of state. -
Salem witch trails
The Salem witch trials were a chain of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. Salem Witch Trails started with the minister's daughter when she started acting strangely. The first convict witch named Bridget Bishop was hanged that June.The Massachusetts General Court later annulled guilty verdicts against accused witches and granted indemnities to their families. -
Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake Colonies consist of Jamestown, Virginia, and Maryland. Jamestown was the first settlement in the colonies. John Smith was a soldier and adventurer. He was disliked by many other people on the settlement. John Smith negotiated a treaty with the local natives. He established trading that allowed for him to last for first 2 winters. Tabacco was the main crop in Jamestown, Virginia. It was shipped from the Carribean into Virginia. Europeans smoked it and it made them a profit. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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American Enlightenment
The American Enlightenment was a time period where reasoning and science mattered. It was an intellectual time period in the colonies it later led to the American Revolution and it shaped the American Republic. Some contributors to the American Enlightenment was Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Benjamin Franklin.Benjamin Franklin was a man of many talents. He was the symbol of the American Enlightenment era. Many people started to believe in Deism that resulted in ignorance. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a reaction to the secularism of the enlightenment. John Edwards was an important person during this era. A lot of people were scared of becoming religious. Many universities were founded during this era as well. The Great Awakening changed colonial American Society. George Whitefield was a preacher at this time and he held the first inter-colonial event. Native Americans also participated in the Great Awakening. -
Georgia
Georgia was a penal colony. They transported prisoners an the poor to Georgia. Georgia was named after King George II. The colony was based on enlightenment ideals. Slaves started coming to Georgia for work. Georgia had some administrative issues and it was envisioned as a staging point for an attack on Florida.Georgia created a buffer between English settlers in the Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida. It was the colony for English debators. -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was the face of the American Enlightenment. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Benjamin Franklin had did not know much but he was an innovator who accomplished many things. Benjamin Franklin was well known and for his accomplishments as a printer, author, politician, inventor, scientist, civic activist and diplomat. Benjamin Franklin is the only founding father to have signed all four of the key documents. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was born Francois-Marie Arouet in 1694. Voltaire was a writer and philosopher who became famous as a French Enlightenment writer. He was influenced by John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton. He appreciated what those guys did for their country and he wanted to do the same for his. He adopted many of their ideas.He was famous for his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and sepreation of chruch and state. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Revenue Act/ Sugar Act
The Revenue Act was passed by Parliment on April 5th, 1764 to curb the smuggling of sugar and molasses in the colonies by reducing the tax rate and enforcing the collection of taxes. Colonist did not obey this law. Colonists voiced their displeasure about the Act and tried to challenge Parliment through a petition. Parliment also allowed red coats to do searches on private property without warrants. Parliment passed this law because the French Indian War had taken a toll on British finances. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was an incident on King Street by the British on March 5, 1770. Britsih Army shot and killed people under attack by a mob. In result, The Britsh Army killed a total of five men. When Parliment imposed taxes on tea, glass, paper, paint, and lead that is what lead to the Boston Massacre. These new taxes is what angered the colonist causing them to outrage. -
Coercive Act
The Coercive Act was a series of Acts that parliament passed to punish Colonist for the Boston Tea Party in 1773. In total therew ere five laws: The first four Acts were passed as reprisal for the rebellion against the 1773 Tea Act -
Prohibitory Act
The Prohibitory Act of 1775 was passed by parliament as a punishment against the general rebellion.This act was passed as a response to the Americans colonies' creation of a Continental Army. This act left the colonies without trade.The Prohibitory Act allowed a naval blockade and seizure of all American Ships fro any reason and halted the colonies trade with the world and among each other. -
Common Sense
In 1775-1776 Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet Common Sense advocating independence from Great Britain to the Thirteen Colonies. Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government. Common Sense is so significant to American History because it was the start to help Americans fight for independence. Common Sense impacted a lot of people. It gave Americans the courage to speak up and stand up for what they believe in. -
The Declaration Of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence was written to announce and explain why Colonist wanted to separate from Britain. This document was written June-July 1776 and ratified July 4, 1776. With Britain imposing a lot of taxes on the colonist and a lot of chaos going on, Colonist was sick and fed up with the mistreatment by Britain, so they declared Independence from Britian. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 colonies. The Articles of Confederation will serve as the first constitution of the United States. This document was created on November 15, 1777, and ratified March 1, 1781. The problem with The Articles of Confederation was that it was not strong enough. In this document, Congress could not tax or regulate trade, no executive or judicial branch and states had all power.Shay's Rebellion also tested the Articles of Confederation. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 was a negotiation between the United Staes and Great Britain. There were five people who negotiated the treaty; John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. The treaty of Paris 1783 ended the revolutionary war and recognized America as an independent country. It was signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States. The Treaty of Paris 1783 was officially signed on September 3, 1783. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was named after Daniel Shay. It was an uprising in Massachusetts during the 1786 and 1787. Daniel Shay led four thousand rebels in this rebellion civil right injustices and economic injustices. Shay's Rebellion occurred during 1786-1787. This rebellion was so significant to American history because it showed how weak central government was and why the Articles of Confederation needed to be overthrown and replaced with the Constitution. -
Constitutional Convention
There were five delegates at the Constitutional Convention.The Constitutional Convention was to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional convention lasted 1787-1789. There were discussions about improving the Articles of Confederation. This event took place in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787. There two plans introduced; Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan. The Great Compromise was a combination of both plans together. -
Period: to
Constitution
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Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the united states. This act was created after the American Revolutionary War July 13, 1787. The Northwest Ordinance was placed into effect to control and properly establish the settlement in the Northwest Territory. The Northwest Ordinance established a government for the Northwest Territory and the process for admitting a new state to the union. -
Election of 1788
The Election of 1788 was the first election of the United States. It was George Washington vs. John Adams. In this time period if you were in 2nd place you automatically become the Vice President. Washington won this presidency because he was liked by many and he was a God-like figure to others. He was everyone's first choice. He was the first president of the United States and John Adams was the first Vice President of the United States. Geroge Washington served two terms in his persidency. -
Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Federalist believed in a Strong Central government and strong executive branch, while Anti- federalist believed in the weak central government. The Federalist did not want a bill of rights, They thought the new constitution was sufficient. The anti-federalist believed in the bill of rights. The Federalist beliefs could be described as a nationalist. With the Federalist and Anti-federalist fighting to make a better country for everyone they actually started making things worse . -
The Three Branches of Government
There are Three Branches of Government. The Legislative, executive, and Judicial. Each branch of Government has to perform a different task. The President of United States administers the Executive branch. In the Legislative branch, there is the Senate and House of Representatives and in the Judicial branch there is the Sueprme Court and -
Three-tier system
The three-tier system was the systems of courts. There was the U.S District Court, U.S Circuit Court, and the U.S Supreme Court. Each level of Court serves a different function for both criminal and civil cases. This will reduce the Supreme Court justices. -
Federalist vs. Democrat-Republican
Federalist is a person who advocates or supports a system of central government. A Democrat-Republican is a person who believes in strict interpretation of the constitution. The political system has come to a disaster with the two fighting parties. Thomas Jefferson representing the Democratic-Republican and Alexander Hamilton was reprsesnting the Federalist. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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District of Columbia
The District of Columbia was the capital of the United States of America in 1790. This was created because in New York the government was corrupt and people wanted to get away from that. This was so the government would not be so corrupt. It was to get away from all the politicians in New York who might cause more conflicts. It was created under the Constitution of the United States to serve as the nation's capitol. -
Bank of the United States
The Bank of the United States was proposed by Alexander Hamilton and it was established in 1791 for federals funds. Thomas Jefferson opposed the first national bank he thought it was a failure and he wanted the world to based on agriculture. H wanted farmers, People who grew their own food. Alexander Hamilton wanted entrepreneurs and businessman. He thought that the world should be based on businesses and money. When President Andrew Jackson was president he removed all federal funds. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in western Pennsylvania through the time period of 1791- 1794. The whiskey tax was the first tax imposed by the federal government on a domestic product and many people felt like there should not be a tax on whiskey. This led to a whiskey rebellion. This was a significant event in American History because it showed how stronger the central government has gotten under the constitution. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was added to the constitution but federalist felt that the constitution did not need a bill of rights because the people and the states kept any powers not given to the federal government.Anti-Federalist felt that it was necessary to the consittution. -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was invented March 14, 1794. This was an extreme advantage to the south. The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds. This made it easier for southerners to produce cotton and ship it to Britain which means more money is coming into the south. The cotton gin changed agriculture in the south. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whiney. -
Period: to
The Age Of Jefferson
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Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Louisiana Purchase
The Louisana Purchase was in 1803 when the United States purchased territory from France doubling the size of the United States. What was known as the Louisana Purchase stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The Louisiana Purchase was 828,000 square miles of land. The British naval blockade of France and financial difficulties may have been the reason Neopolean to offer Lousiana for sale to the United States.This was one of Thomas Jefferson's greatest accomplishments. -
Lewis & Clark
William Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the American Interior to the Pacific Northwest. Meriwether Lewis served as Thomas Jefferson's private Secretary. Jefferson asked Lewis to gather information about the plants, animals, and peoples of the region. Lewis was excited about the offer Thomas Jefferson as given him and he decided to take his friend William Clark to join him as co-commander of the expedition. Clark & Lewis meet Sacagawea and she helped them while on the expedition. -
Embargo Act 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 was act passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807. The Embargo Act prohibited American Ships from trading in all foreign ports. British Impressment and the Embargo Act led to the war of 1812. The Embargo Act caused more damage to America's economy rather than to Britain's. This Act was to punish British and France as well as protect American shipping from any further acts of aggersion from any other nation. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Britain. The war of 1812 is sometimes called " The Second War of Independence". The Cause of this war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Navy's impressment of American Seamen and America's desire to expand its territory. This war was a draw and the treaty of Ghent was signed before the war even began. This war lead to the era of good feelings which was an era of patriotism, and natioanl pride. -
Period: to
Early American Industrial Revolution
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2nd Bank of the United States
The 2nd bank was plagued with poor management and outright fraud. There two attempts to take the 2nd bank down because many people thought it was unconstitutional. In McCulloch v. Maryland the Supreme Court voted to uphold the Second Bank as constitutional. Andrew Jackson was the not a fan of the second bank.Pro-Bank members of Congress produced a renewal bill for the Bank's charter, but Jackson vetoed it. He gogt the bank defunded. -
Florida
Seminoles from Florida and run away Slaves attacking a settlement in Georgia. Many realized that they could not stop the United States from the Talking over the Florida Territory. In 1819 the Spanish agreed to sell Florida to the United States. The adams-onis treaty was approved by Spain and the United States in 1821. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
The McCulloch v. Maryland was a Supreme Court case. The Supreme Court has ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I of the Constitution to create the second bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lack power to tax the bank. This court case is significant because it is the first and most important Supreme Court on federal power. the Necessary and Proper clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was the United States first major economic crisis. Banks closed, Houses and Farms were foreclosed and nearly everyone was affected. This depression did not end until 1824. The main cause of the Panic of 1819 was from the Second Bank of United States. State loans had been made to land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors were wiped out. James Monroe was President during this time period and this was important during his presidency. -
Temperance Movement
Temperance Movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. This movement was America's first real anti-alcohol movement. Many men would drink all day and night and whenever they would return home they would beat on their wives, rape them and injure them really bad. he goal shifted first to voluntary abstinence, and finally to prohibit the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits.Some leaders of this movement were Bishop James Cannon, and Carrie Nation. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was extremely important as it led to the establishment of reform movements to address injustices and alleviate suffering such as the Temperance Movement, the Women's Suffrage Movement, and the Abolitionist Movement. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. The Second Great Awakening led to a period of antebellum social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries. The United States had twenty-two states evenly divided between slave and free. The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to keep the number of slave states and number of free states in the union. It kept a balance in the union between slave and free states so it would not be unfair. -
Election of 1824
The Election of 1824 was a presidential election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. This election is so significant because this is the only election that the House of Representatives gets to chose under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They ended up choosing John Quincy Adams. Many believed that it was a corrupt bargain and that Hnery Clay made congress select John Qunicy Adams. -
Period: to
Age Of Jackson
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Greek Revival
With British influence waning considerably after the War of 1812 and the nation rapidly expanding westward, the style was fundamentally an expression of America’s triumphant sense of destiny and the sense that our newly formed nation was the spiritual descendant of Greece, the birthplace of democracy. Many Americans loved the Greek and what they symbolize. Popular from 1825to 1860, in more isolated parts of the country, the style was prevalent right up to the Civil War. -
Free Black Communities
There were large free black communities in the North and in the Midwest. There were not slaves but they still had to face discrimination and segregation. They competed with immigrants for jobs and hostilities grew along with additional prejudice. Many African Americans in these communities tried to get jobs to provide for their families and stay out of harm's way. When many African Americans tried to get jobs, immigrants look to them as a threat to society. -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was born March 15, 1767.He served as the seventh president of the United States. He had little education and was considered to be different from other presidents. With the personality he had no one would ever think he would become president. He was in the Democratic-Republican party. He did a lot of important things during his presidency. When the War of 1812 broke out he earned the legacy he deserves especially with the country under his leadership at this time period. -
Growing cities
During the Industrial Revolution, there were many and many of immigrants coming to the United States. When the immigrants came they spread off in many different cities causing the cities to be filled with people. This cause population in the north to increase drastically. In the Midwest and Northern areas where the Germans and Scandinavians. This also caused discrimination towards other races. Irish were located in the inner city slums. There were also free blacks communities. -
Immigration in the cities
During the Industrial period, Many and Many of immigrants were coming to the United States for work or for better opportunities. There were many immigrants from the European countries. Irish immigrants came to the United States because of the potato famine, German immigrants came to the United States because of poor harvests and political turmoil, Scandinavians and British immigrants came to the United States for Economic Opportunities. This led to a population growth and lots of diversity. -
Trail of Tears
The trail of tears was under Andrew Jackson's presidency and it was a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands. Andrew Jackson removed five of the tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Jackson sent army troops to where Native Americans were to make sure that they were leaving. Many Native Americans died while relocating, they had to relocate to an area west of the Mississippi River. -
Cherokee Nations v. Georgia
Cherokee Nations v. Georgia was a supreme court case.This case is so significant because The court said that the Cherokee Nation did not possess original jurisdiction because the tribe was not a state.The United States Supreme Court labeled the Cherokee Nation tribe as a denominated domestic dependent nation.One year later in (Worcester v. Georgia), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign meaning that the Georgia had no rights to enforce state laws in its territory. -
Nullification Crisis
In response to the Tariff of 1828, vice president John C. Calhoun asserted that states had the right to nullify federal laws. South Carolina adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. The Tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing This tariff was unpopular to south and southerners made threats to the government that they will succeed from the United States of America. -
American Anti-Slavery Society
The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in December 1833 under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison. The American Anti-Slavery Society signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions.The antislavery issue entered the mainstream of American politics through the Free-Soil Party and subsequently the Republican Party. The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation. -
Whig Party
The Whig Party was a political party formed in 1834 under Henry Clay. The Whig party focused on minorities while Jackson and his party focused on the common man. Many people who did not like Andrew Jackson and what they believed in were Whigs. Whigs tried to get a candidate to be president but Henry Clay lost to Democrat James K. Polk. James K. Polk won because of the fact he favored the expansion both of territory and slavery. In 1852, The Whig Party had lost popularity. -
Iron Plow
The iron plow was invented by Jethro Wood. HIs invention increased the advancement of agriculture.An iron plow is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of the soil. With this invention farming became easier. This affected the economy is a good way, The iron plow allowed for farmers to cut furrows in thick sticky midwest soil. -
Come and Take It
The "come and take it " phrase was first said in the Batlle of Gonzales. This was the beginning of the Texian rebellion against the Mexican government. It was fought between rebellious Texians and the Mexican army Soldiers in Gonzales, Texas in 1835. This war ended as a Texain victory and Mexican Withdrawl. It is the first flag used in the Texas Revolution. The Battle of Gonzales centered on American colonists in that town who were refusing to give back a cannon. -
Sam Houston
Sam Houston was elected the first President of the Republic of Texas in 1836 because he was a key political figure in the creation of Texas. Sam Houston's victory in the Battle of San Jacinto secured the independence of Texas from Mexico in one of the shortest decisive battles in modern history. Houston became a governor in 1859 and was removed from office after the secession of Texas in 1861. His service during the War of 1812 demonstrated his military ability and he attracted pres. Jackson. -
Siege of Bexar (Alamo)
James Bowie and Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis had taken command of Texan forces in San Antonio.The Alamo’s defenders–led by Bowie and Travis–dug in nonetheless, prepared to defend the fort to the last.By the middle of February in 1836, things became heated and two volunteers, George Collinsworth and Benjamin Milam, led a group of people to overtake the garrison at The Alamo.he Mexicans were estimated to number between 1800 and 6000. Texans held Gen. Santa Anna off for thirteen days. -
First Police Forces
With all the immigration and the population increasing there needed to be some type of police force to control civilians. Tensions were rising and they needed to be dealt with. The First police force was very small, but they got the job done. The city of Boston established the first American police force, followed by New York City in 1845, Albany, New York. -
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland. He became one of the most successful African Americans of his time. He was advising presidents and lecturing to thousands on a range of causes, including women’s rights and Irish home rule. He was a very intelligent man and for him to be smart and black he was a threat to many white men. Frederick Douglass wrote several autobiographies describing his life experieces with slavery and all that he has been through. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Annexation of Texas
This annexation led quickly to war with Mexico in 1846. People who wanted to annex Texas said it was the manifest destiny of the United States to spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The united states did not want to hurry and annex Texas because they were afraid Mexico would want war. Texas was it's own Country for ten years until The United States said that if Texas would agree to be annexed than they would pay off Texas debt. -
Bear Flag Revolt
A group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican government and claimed California an independent republic. California was home to a growing population of American settlers. Mexican leaders worried that many of these settlers were not truly interested in becoming Mexican subject.on June 14, 1846, a party of more than 30 Americans under the leadership of William Ide and Ezekiel Merritt invaded the defenseless Mexican troopst of Sonoma. -
Mexican- American War
The Mexican- American War was the first U.S. armed conflict fought on foreign soil. This war was fought under President James K. Polk who believed the United Staes had a manifest destiny. The Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. On April 25, 1846, Mexican army attacked a group of U.S. soldiers in the disputed zone under the command of General Zachary Taylor. Amerian won many battles causing Mexico to lose a lot of land. -
Mormon Migration
Brigham Young led the Mormons on their journey to escape the harsh critics they were facing from the where they were originally located. They traveled on a horseback or on a wagon for three months. On July 22, the first men entered Salt Lake Valley. Mormons migrated to religious freedom and growth. The Morman religion was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. Joseph Smith was charged with inciting a riot in the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor. When sent to jail he was killed by an angry man . -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The war officially ended on February 2, 1848, signing in Mexico of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo added 525,000 square miles to United States territory. Some of these states came with this treaty; Arizona, California, and Colorado. This treaty had a lot to do with the Manifest Destiny that James K Polk believed The United States had. This peace treaty set the end to the Mexican and American war. -
Seneca Falls Convention
A woman’s rights convention the first ever held in the United States convenes with almost 200 women in attendance.The convention was organized by Two abolitionists, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The convention was held to discuss the civil, religious condition, social and rights of women. On the first day of the convention, it was strictly about women, then on the second-day men were allowed to come even African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was series of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850. The south gained by the strengthening of the fugitive slave law, the north gained a new free state, California.The compromise of 1850 was a Political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War. The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do,it kept the nation united. -
Fugitive Slave Act
Congress passed a revised Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. Part of Henry Clay's famed Compromise of 1850. A group of bills that helped quiet early calls for Southern Secession. The Act was strengthened at the insistence of the slave states of the South by the Compromise of 1850.Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. This cause conflict between the NOrth and South adn tensions rose high. -
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Sectionalism
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a novel which showed the stark reality of slavery and is generally regarded as one of the major causes of the Civil War. The novel was written in 1852 by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe, a teacher. The book is seen more often in a negative light because of creating so many stereotypes that some people underestimate and even forget the novel’s powerful role as an anti-slavery tool. Many Southerners saw this disrespectful. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
Dred Scott, a slave, had been taken to Illinois, a free state, and then Wisconsin territory. In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked the power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery. The Court then held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, hoping to end the slavery. -
John Brown’s Raid
John Brown led a small army of 18 men into the small town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plan was to instigate a major slave rebellion in the South. He wanted to seize guns and ammunition in the federal arsenal, arm slaves in the area and move south along the Appalachian Mountains, attracting slaves to his cause.John Brown and his cohorts marched into an unsuspecting Harper's Ferry and seized the federal complex with little resistance. Robert E. Lee arrived from Washington to arrest Brown. -
Election of 1860
Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas.as an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He led the country through the civil war. He has opposed slavery and he declared all slaves to be free during the civil war in his emancipation proclamation. Many southerners hate this and they felt as if Lincoln was not a good president. -
Secession of Southern States
The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession and considered the Confederacy illegitimate. Based on slavery, was irretrievably threatened by the election of President Abraham Lincoln. The states Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas seceded from the Union during the following months. The Southerners felt disrespected by Lincoln adn the Union so they Succeed. -
The Confederacy
The South planned to fight a defensive war. The Confederates wanted to bring the enemy into southern territory that is unfamiliar to them and exhaust them. The Southerners were also counting on help from Europe. They had better tactics and leaders. Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederacy. Many believed that the Confederacy had better leaders, such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, whom were some of the best officers before the war. -
The Union
The North was not only fighting to preserve the Union, it was fighting to end slavery. Throughout this time, northern black men had continued to pressure the army to enlist them.Supported by 20 Free States and five Border States, The Union was comprised of 20 free states and five border states. With a drastic shortage of men, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 men for three months to put down the "rebellion". -
Cotton Embargo
coerce the United Kingdom and France to support the Confederate war effort by implementing a cotton trade embargo against the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe.Since the administration of Jefferson Davis wanted to avoid any appearance of international "blackmail," the Confederate Congress never formally approved an embargo. This did nothing but hurt the confederacy even more. -
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The Civil War
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1st bull run
The first major battle of the American Civil War (1861-65), fought at a small meandering stream and tributary of the Potomac River named Bull Run near Manassas in northern Virginia. The ferocity of the fighting and the number of casualties at First Bull Run were a wake-up call to both sides. Five days after the battle, McDowell, blamed for the defeat, was replaced by Major General George B. McClellan as Union army leader. The confederacy won the frst major battle. -
Battle of Antietam
The Army of the Potomac, under the command of Maj. Gen. George McClellan, mounted a series of powerful assaults against General Robert E. Lee’s forces along Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The Batlle of Antietam devastated Sharpsburg, and still ranks as the bloodiest one-day battle in American history.The first invasion of the North by Confederate General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia. -
Railroads
Railroads were a major factor. Richard Trevithick developed the first major railroad steam locomotive. Railroads assist as transportation and make it easier for goods to be brought wherever they needed to go. The Civil War was the first war in which railroads were a major factor. In about 1861, 22,000 miles of track has been laid in the North and 9,500 miles of track in the South. The great rail centers in the South were Chattanooga, Atlanta, and most important, Richmond. -
Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was the largest battle of the American Civil War as well as the largest battle ever fought in North America, involving around 85,000 men in the Union's Army of the Potomac under Major General George Gordon Meade and 75,000 in the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia. Confederate casualties were 28,063 more than a third of Lee’s army. The turning point in the Civil War, although the conflict would continue for nearly two more years. -
Wade-Davis Bill
A bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.Radical Republicans passed the Wade-Davis Bill to counter Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan. The bill stated that a southern state could rejoin the Union only if 50 percent of its voters swore. An unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War. -
Underground Railroad
An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada. There were many whites but predominantly black it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year. The fugitives would also travel by train and boat conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for. Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways -
Freedman’s Bureau
Freedman's Bureau established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. The war had l nearly four million slaves and destroyed the region's cities, towns, and plantation-based economy. It left former slaves and many whites dislocated from their homes, facing starvation, and owning only the clothes they wore. The challenge of establishing a new social order, founded on freedom and racial equality, was enormous. -
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Reconstruction
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Scalawags
A white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit. African Americans made up the overwhelming majority of southern Republican voters during Reconstruction. Beginning in 1867, they formed a coalition with carpetbaggers and scalawags to gain control of southern state legislatures for the Republican Party. Many Scalawags gained power as Southern Republicans which they shared with the Carpetbaggers who all originated in the North. -
Black Friday Scandal
The Black Friday Scandal, also known as the Gold Panic and the Fisk/Gould scandal, was an attempt by two aggressive Wall Street speculators, Jay Gould and his partner James Fisk, to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. Due to the manipulations of Fisk and Gould price of gold plummeted on the New York Gold Exchange. Many people were financially ruined and the infamous day was referred to as Black Friday. Ulysses Grant was the 18th American President who served in office. -
Freedman's Amendments
The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves.The 13th Amendment banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime.The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. -
The New South economic boom
The New South envisioned a post-Reconstruction southern economy on the North’s embrace of the Industrial Revolution.There were some New South successes. Birmingham, Alabama prospered from iron and steel manufacturing, and mining and furniture production benefited other parts of the South and James Duke made use of newly-invented cigarette rolling machines to feed the growing market for tobacco and founded the American Tobacco Company in North Carolina in 1890. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. The Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.Back in 1810 white people thought that black people were put on this earth to work. They thought blacks didn't deserve any respect. They thought of African-Americans as slaves, workers, and animals.
