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Indian Civilization Act
The Indian Civilization Act permits up to $10K a year to support the efforts of groups and individuals eager to live and teach Indians. The Indian Civilization Act shaped the educational landscape in the U.S because it was appointed for the purpose of providing further decline and final extinction of the Indian tribes and resulted in the establishment of residential Indian boarding schools across the U.S. that caused trauma. Source: (1819-2013: A History of American Indian Education, 2013). -
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
The first Indian boarding school opens in Carlisle, Pennsylvania with the goal of assimilating Indian children. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School shaped the educational landscape in the U.S because this marked the mission to “kill the Indian” to “save the Man.” In other words, assimilate Native Americans (Americanize them) and cause them to lose their cultural identity and tribal connections. Source: (American Educational History, 2022). Photo: (The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 2021). -
Johnson O'Malley Act
The Johnson O’Malley Act provided federal funds for American Indian children to attend public schools. The Johnson O'Malley Act shaped the educational landscape in the U.S because it assisted with education, medical attention, and other services to Native Americans which helped to promote achievement through student and parent involvement in academic and cultural education. This funding can be used on Tutors, Aides, Academic counseling, etc. Source: (Arizona Memory Project, 2022). -
Indian Education Act
The Indian Education Act was made to meet the unique educational needs of Indian students. It also provided additional funding for public schools with Indian students. This act shaped the educational landscape in the U.S because legislation purposely wanted to avoid forcing educational programs upon Indians. This act required participation of Indians to oversee their educational system. Source: (History of Indian Education- OIE, 2005). Photo: (History of multicultural education timeline, n.d.). -
Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act
U.S. legislation authorized additional Federal assistance to community colleges controlled by American Indians on their reservations. The Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act shaped the educational landscape in the U.S because it provided resources and federal assistance to higher education institutions which are controlled, sanctioned, or chartered by the governing body of an Indian tribe(s). Source: (Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 Statement,1978).