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Established the Supreme Court
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Federalists oppose it, Anti-Federalists support (U.S. Neutral)
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Creates massive increase of slaves in the South
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1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues (Farmers did not like new excise taxes)
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U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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Spain gives U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River, New Orleans
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French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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expands Gov’t power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional
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increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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Marbury vs. Madison establishes Judicial Review
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placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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-Congress declares war on Britain (issues – impressments, blockades, economy, Native Americans)
-Native Americans begin attacking U.S. settlers (weapons provided by Britain)
-Treat of Ghent ends War of 1812
-Harford Convention – New England’s states threaten secession; Federalist Party is no more
-‘Era of Good Feelings’ (one party politics) begins in the U.S.
– U.S independence finally confirmed – Good relations with Britain begins (i.e. sharing of Oregon Territory) -
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-Westward Expansion across North America – transportation revolution
-Sectional Tension between North and South increases over Slavery
-Major economic differences develop b/n North and South related to slavery -
construction begins (connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean)
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– ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd Bank of the United States
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sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
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claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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-Two party system fully emerges in US politics for first time
-Indian Removal Act–authorizes forcible westward relocation of Native Americans
-Cyrus McCormick–invents mechanical reaper – transforms agriculture
-Ralph Waldo Emerson – transcendentalism (individualism)
– Thoreau – Civil Disobedience
-Spoils System–giving government positions to friends or colleagues (Andrew Jackson)
-Horace Mann–reforms in education
-Trail of Tears–Cherokee tribes sent on forced removal to Oklahoma, 4,000 die -
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U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. (creates modern border of the U.S. with Gadsden Purchase)
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illegal to help slaves escape
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North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C.
South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas -
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repeals Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty to determine slave/free states
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John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue.
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– Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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– turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy
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‘March to Sea’ – Atlanta to Savannah – destroys everything!
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abolishes slavery
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– limits rights of freed blacks
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– grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th Amendment)
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– used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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– connects the coasts of the United States; greatest transportation achievement
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– grants protection of voting rights to black males
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– corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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– gets women’s suffrage vote to Congress – leads to 19th Amendment
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– gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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– bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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– Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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– denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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– Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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– outlaws monopolies, price-fixing, other trade restraints
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– formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or individual journalists.
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– ‘Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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U.S. attempt to gain foothold in Chinese markets
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– increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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writers who expose big business corruption
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set food quality standards
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– connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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– establishment of income tax , 17th Amend.– direct election of senators
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•Woodrow Wilson wins reelection on campaign of keeping U.S. neutral during war
•WWI – bloodiest war in world history to date, aka “The Great War,” “The War to End All Wars” -
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– intercepted by British, asks for Germany/Mexico alliance against U.S.; US. Enters WWI
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– establishes the draft
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– by Woodrow Wilson, 14th pt most important – calls for League of Nations
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women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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– exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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– ease war reparations on Germany
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popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools – outlawed
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– completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic – seen as a hero
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– launches Great Depression
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FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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– creation of countless jobs, most productive of any president’s 1st 100 days
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- Unemployment Relief Act and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to employ public works oAAA – controls crop production, compensates farmers for cooperation oTVA – established to construct dams in Tennessee River to generate electricity oNIRA – sets nationwide business practices oNRA – manage industry recovery oPWA – employ jobless
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20thAmendment – shifts presidential inaugurations from March to January
•21st Amendment – repeals 18th amendment (prohibition) -
criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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– supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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– establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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– provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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•*Germany (led by Adolf Hitler) invades Poland; WWII begins
•*U.S. attempts isolationism from war in Europe
•*December 7, 1941 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor – U.S. enters the War
•*Axis Powers– Germany, Italy, Japan;
Allied Powers– Britain, France, China, U.S., USSR
•*Battle of Stalingrad – seen as wars turning point for allied victory -
– motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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creation of the Atomic Bomb
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imprisonment of Japanese in California
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– begins to break down Axis position on western front
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prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity, and
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describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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•* Soviet Union emerges as only major U.S. rival, creating intense, prolonged standoff between superpowers, known as the Cold War
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– U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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– USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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– USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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–alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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– 1991 Soviet documents confirm their guilt!
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– begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage;
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– temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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– creates polio vaccine
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– JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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– failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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– divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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– launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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– broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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bans literacy tests for voting
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– blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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- police must read suspects their rights
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first black justice of the Supreme Court
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– turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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– hurts Civil Rights movement
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– U.S. soldiers kill 200 innocent men, women, and children
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– legalizes abortion (up to 3 months)
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– fuel shortage in U.S. due to OPEC raising prices
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pardons Nixon; Ford is only President never voted into office.
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– Carter negotiates peace between Egypt and Israel
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– nuclear power accident causes concern of nuclear safety
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– space based missile defense proposed
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