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The Decleration of Independence was issued
Written by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776. The declaration declared independence from Britain. The 13 colonies would form a new nation. -
1774 the first Continental Congress meets
The first Continental Congress was a meeting with representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies. -
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Events That Led Up to the Constitution
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The Revolutionary War Began
The Revolutionary War was a war fought by the American Colonists to gain their independence from England. -
Colonies adopt Articles of Confederation
The first form of the constitution. -
Two opposing groups began forming. The Federalists favored a strong national government. The Anti-Federalists wanted the states to have more power.
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Independence was Won
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Shays’ Rebellion
A group of farmers imprisoned other farmers who could not pay their debts and took control of courts. -
How the Articles of Confederation influenced the Constitution
• The Virginia Plan- separation of powers (checks and balances) and two chambers of congress
• The Great Compromise-representation decided in the House of Representatives and the Senate
• One provision in the Virginia Plan that was debated was whether or not congress could override states laws.
• Method for choosing elected officials (President and Congress)
• Slavery was a highly debated topic -
The Constitutional Convention was when the states' delegates met to refine the constitution.
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The Constitution was signed
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Events that changed/amended the Constitution and, as a result, affected education
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Brown v. The Board of Education
• Unanimous decision to not enforce the “separate but equal” provision of Plessy v. Fergusson • Led to “desegregation” of all public schools
• Ruling broken down into two separate decisions, known as Brown I and Brown II
• Brown I ruled that desegregation must happen
• Brown II set forth (although very ambiguously) the steps to accomplish desegregation – no guidelines or time-frames provided by the court -
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
• Some southern school districts requested extra time to implement desegregation • Court denied the requests -
Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board
• Court reaffirmed the “all deliberate speed” portion of Brown in telling southern states to speed up the desegregation process -
Section 504 Rehabilitation Act
• The first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities • Helped to pave the way for the Virginians with Disabilities Act in 1985 and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. -
Milliken v. Bradley
• Court narrowly reversed a lower court decision • Previous decision had allowed forced busing to end desegregation • Even though lower court decision applied only to single school district, Supreme Court reversed -
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
• Federal law the protects the rights of student records • Legal guardian are granted the rights to review and request change is students records • Schools cannot release any student records without written permission from a legal guardian • Signed into law by President Ford -
Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell
• Court said that school districts that were desegregating could end forced busing
• Court said even though it would create racial imbalance, districts could return to neighborhood schools
• Ruled that desegregation could be stopped, as long as the school districts eliminated “ the vestiges of past discrimination” -
Freeman v. Pitts
• Court ruled that federal courts could stop supervising local school districts
• This could be done even if full compliance with Brown had not occurred yet
