-
Integrated into broader society in the early years of the 1990’s - Naughton, J. (2016)
-
Naughton, J. (2016)
-
Naughton, J. (2016)
-
Police have the power to take samples without consent for any recordable offence, a definition which includes even minor crimes such as begging or public drunkenness. By 2005, over 100,000 people who had not been charged or even given an official caution had their DNA stored in the database - Wallace, H. (2006)
-
Broadens existing definitions of terrorism, in an aim to stop terrorist attacks before they occur, particularly by surveilling UK citizens for recruitment materials - Petley, J. (2013), Green, A. Johns, N. & Rix, M. (2011)
-
Laws permitting citizens suspected of global terrorism to be either detained indefinitely or deported in the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, 2001 - Green, A. Johns, N. & Rix, M. (2011)
-
2003, 2004, 2006, LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter respectively founded - Naughton, J. (2016)
-
First smartphone to access the internet, Apple iPhone - Naughton, J. (2016)
-
Malik is sentenced originally to a jail term, later reduced to community service, for possessing texts described to encourage terrorist training and bomb making, as she published poetry online with the pseudonym ‘Lyrical Terrorist’. Important to note is the availability of texts crucial to the prosecution's case, the Al Qaeda Training Manual being readily available online and even through a UK publisher - Green, A. Johns, N. & Rix, M. (2011)
-
Rizwaan Sabir targeted under the Terrorism Act 2000 for downloading the same training manual as Malik, although in his case it pertained to Sabir’s university studies. Eventually paid out £20,000, after being held in custody for a full week.
-
Individuals living in the EU are given a legal right to petition Google to remove links to references deemed damaging or inaccurate from Google search results - Naughton, J. (2016) - Article elaborates Google has the power to ‘disappear’ people from the internet, ‘algorithmic airbrushing’ to strike whole individuals from records
-
Duberry 2022, p101
-
Microsoft & other companies must hold EU citizen data in EU countries, instead of importing to the US as they had been - Naughton, J. (2016)
-
Investigations reveal Russian involvement in the UK ‘Brexit’ referendum, to leave the European Union. Twitter and Facebook are seen to have amplified pro-Brexit viewpoints and ads, categorising Russian involvement as state-encouraged, with the government indirectly involved in motivating hundreds of thousands of social media accounts. Brexit passed with only a 1.89 percent majority, so the aggressive extent of this campaign is highly notable - Galante, L. & Lee, S. (2018)
-
The program took advantage of a vulnerability in older Windows operating systems, with effects including surgeries and appointments being cancelled, compromising key hospital resources and spreading through nearby technology. The attack exposed the outdated hospital services, and a failure of the UK to protect vulnerable data as a result - Harkins, M. & Freed, M. (2018)
-
A form of self-regulation. Showed Brexit Leave campaign to be highest receiver of cost-per-1000 impressions (key information spread metric), often used ads often used vernacular language to more subtly promote an agenda. Demographic figures showed higher age linked to Leave ads. While Facebook’s ad library in particular shows some transparency, a lack of specifics regarding algorithmic curation diminishes the value of the service to curb corporate election influence - Mehta & Erickson (2022)
-
Article pointed out flaws in COVID vaccination trials, limited as public may understand as blatant vaccine denial. Only option to dispute - appeal to third party fact checker. Despite publishing factually incorrect article fact checker upheld as correct. To make all information on Facebook feeds simple to understand, corporation called into question legitimacy of peer-reviewed journal, passed blame onto another corporation with their own business interests - Coombes, R., & Davies, M. (2022)