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Birth of Israel
". In 1917, during World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, which favored the establishment in Palestine of a “national home” for the Jewish people. However, British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour wrote that “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.”" -
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The Franco Dictatorship in Spain
" The dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975. (See Topic 7.4.) He had come to power by overthrowing a popularly elected government that included many leftists. Franco’s fervent anti-communism made him an ally of the United States. It also led his government to execute, imprison, or send to labor camps hundreds of thousands of political dissenters. However, opposition to his authoritarianism remained. When Franco died, Spain took the opportunity to move toward democracy." -
The Tehran Conference
- In iran Allies agreed that Soviet Union would focus on Eastern Europe while the rest of the Allies would focus on the West
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The Yalta Conference
The Allies disagree on what should happen to the surrendering countries. -
The Postdam Conference
Final meeting among the big three. US and Soviet Union tensions grow. -
Un is established
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Truman Doctrine
- US has to stop Soviet and communist influence
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The Marshall Plan
Offered 12 billion in aid to all nations of Europe, including Germany, to stabilize the region against communism -
India and Pakistan become separate countries
"In 1947, the British divided colonial India into two independent countries: a mostly Hindu India and a mostly Muslim Pakistan. India’s population was about 10 times larger than Pakistan’s. In both countries, women had the right to vote." -
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Berlin Airlift
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NATO is formed
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The US and SU developed hydrogen bombs, leading to an arms race
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MLK junior
"The most prominent of African American civil rights leaders in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was a Baptist minister, the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. The civil rights movement used various tactics to achieve its goals"" -
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The Korean War
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Warsaw Pact
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Poland becomes more independent
" In 1956, Polish workers demonstrated against Soviet domination and demanded better living conditions. As a result, a new secretary of the Polish Communist Party, Wladyslaw Gomulka, came to power. He decided to pursue an independent domestic policy in Poland but continued to be loyal to the Soviet Union, allowing the continued presence of Soviet troops in Poland. The Soviet-established forced collectivization of farms ended at this time." -
The SU launches Sputnik
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The Great Leap Forward
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Conflict in Ireland
"The Catholic-Protestant conflict in Northern Ireland became more violent in the 1960s, with Catholics fighting as part of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Protestants with the Ulster Defence Association. . .Some members of the IRA took their independence campaign to England by engaging in acts of terrorism, the use of violence to achieve political ends. In 1994, the two sides reached a cease-fire. Later the IRA renounced violence and turned to politics to achieve its goals." -
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The Berlin Wall
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The Cuban Missile Crises
Stalin ships nuclear missiles to Cuba, which was blockaded by teh US -
Mao's Cultural Revolution
1966 -
Czechoslovakia
"As with Hungary, Soviet leaders feared the Prague Spring’s independence. Soon the armies of four Warsaw Pact nations crushed it. In 1968, the Soviet Union used the Brezhnev Doctrine, named for then-Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, to justify its actions. This doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies would intervene if an action by one member threatened other socialist countries." -
The year of Revolt
"In Yugoslavia, students marched against authoritarian government.
In Poland and Northern Ireland, people protested over religious issues.
In Brazil, marchers demanded improvements in public education and fairer treatment of workers.
In Japan, students protested both university financial policies and government support for the United States in the war in Vietnam." -
The Shining Path
"During the 1970s, former philosophy professor Abimael Guzmán built a revolutionary organization called Shining Path based on the ideas of Mao Zedong and Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge. In 1980, the Shining Path began decades of bombings and assassinations in Peru in order to overthrow the existing government and replace it with a communist one." -
SALT Treaty
Nixon and Brezhnev, designed to freeze the # of missiles each power could keep -
Israeli-Egyptian peace
" After 30 years of conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, U.S. President Jimmy Carter mediated the Camp David Accords, a peace agreement between Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt. However, the Palestinians and several Arab states rejected the 1979 peace treaty. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and its longtime leader Yasser Arafat wanted the return of occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of Palestine." -
Strategic Defense Initiative
". . .the system would supposedly destroy any Soviet nuclear missiles that targeted the United States or its allies. Lacking such a system, the Soviets would be unable to keep U.S. missiles from hitting targets in the Soviet Union. The Soviets saw this move as the beginning of an arms race in space." -
INF
"In 1987, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on a new nuclear arms treaty. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) restricted intermediate-range nuclear weapons. . . . The INF and other U.S.-Soviet agreements quieted some of the more bellicose Cold War supporters in both countries. With less pressure from Soviet conservatives, Gorbachev could more easily implement political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union." -
Berlin Wall Falls
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Soviet-Afghan War
"The Soviets invaded Afghanistan to prop up that country’s communist government against Muslim fighters. . . Millions of Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran, and many within the country became homeless. Ultimately, the Soviet army could not conquer the guerrilla groups in the rough terrain of Afghanistan. Soviet legitimacy was undermined and new forms of political participation in Afghanistan developed. As the Soviet Army withdrew in 1989, a civil war continued in Afghanistan. " -
Vietnamese troops invade Cambodia to oppose Pol Pot
"In 1977, Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia to support opponents of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. At the end of the ensuing war, the Vietnamese took control of the government in Cambodia and helped the country to regain some stability, even as some fighting continued and hundreds of thousands of refugees fled the country. In 1989, A peace agreement reached in 1991 allowed free elections, . . ." -
East and West germany Unite
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The Cold War ends with the collapse of the SU