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Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles had ended WWI. It was hard on Germany, but not as much as France and England had wanted. The treaty had stripped Germany of its colonies, caused reparations and the war guilt clause, demilitarized the Rhineland, put limits on Germany's military, and forbid Anschluss. This Treaty helps understand, "Why was there dissatisfaction with the peace settlements of 1919-1920?" because Germany was against it because of what it'd lose. -
Period: to 20
Fiume Crisis
In September 1919, D'Annuzio seized Fiume with 300 ex-soldiers and the support of Venetian allied troops in the region. The Italian government had done nothing. November through December 1920; The Treaty of Rapallo made Fiume a Free City in an agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia. Italian troops chased D'Annuzio out of the city. It helps understand, "How and why did international tensions remain high in the period 1920-1923?" because it had resulted from a border dispute. -
Period: to 22
Washington Naval Conference
It was a conference hosted by the US. Its purpose was to address naval reductions and increasing tensions in Asia/the Pacific. It came up with multiple agreements including, Five Power Treaty, Four Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty. Helps understand, "How and why did international tensions remain high in the period 1920-1923?" because it was made to decrease tensions in East Asia from Japanese expansion. -
Genoa Conference
Britain believed Germany needed a break in reparation payments and France refused to do anything about the issue. France's refusal led Germany and the USSR to leave the conference and form an agreement between each other, the Rapallo Pact. France's actions had frustrated Britain, thinking France was selfish. Helps understand, "How and why did international tensions remain high in the period 1920-1923?" because it didn't solve anything, but create more tension between European countries. -
Ruhr Crisis
France occupied the Ruhr to paralyze Germany and force it to accept the Treaty of Versailles. The German gov. ordered the Ruhr people to stop working and start passively resisting the French. The French sealed off the Ruhr and the entire Rhineland from Germany, in response. Helps understand, "How and why did international tensions remain high in the period 1920-1923?" because it increased hyperinflation, making it harder for Germany to pay its reparations. -
Corfu Crisis
An Italian General had visited the island, when him and his team got assassinated. Mussolini invaded Corfu, since the LoN did nothing. This was a failure since the LoN was undermined by other organizations. Another international organization made Greeks to pay compensation, which undermined the authority of the LoN. Helps understand, "How and why did international tensions remain high in the period 1920-1923?" because the Greeks wanted help from the Conference of Ambassadors who sided with Italy -
Dawes Plan
American plan to solve tensions in Europe. 1: by loaning Germany money to pay its reparations to Britain and France. 2: to slow increases in yearly reparation payments. 3: create a committee of foreign experts who would supervise the process of payments in a way that the German economy wouldn't be further harmed. 4: the plan would be re-negotiated in 10 years. Helps understand, "How successful were attempts to improve international relations from 1924-1929?" because it had worked for a period. -
Locarno Treaties
Invited many European countries into the LoN. Caused France, Belgium, and Germany to agree not to invade each other and respect their Western borders, reducing French anxieties of future German invasion. Many countries agreed to uphold the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. It led to the "Locarno Spirit," an improvement in international relations in Europe. Helps understand, "How successful were attempts to improve international relations from 1924-1929?" because countries were cooperating. -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Made aggressive war illegal as a tool of national policy. It only allowed defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless, because it had no enforcement mechanism. Helps understand, "How successful were attempts to improve international relations from 1924-1929?" because the Pact was broken and made worthless. -
Young Plan
Reduced the overall amount of reparations Germany had to pay from 132 billion over 59 years to 112 billion for the same amount of time. The international controls over the German economy that had been established by the Dawes Plan were dismantled. It also caused an Anglo-French evacuation of the Rhineland in 1930, before the Treaty of Versailles required it. Helps understand, "How successful were attempts to improve international relations from 1924-1929?" because it proved France's cooperation.