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Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany
The Treaty established 9 new nations and shifted several boundaries of existing nations. Many of new nations were created from Russian land, though Russia was not represented at the Peace Conference. It also contained a War Guilt Clause, which made Germany accept the blame for stating World War I. It also made Germany pay the allies $33 billion in reparations, or war damages. -
The Aaland Islands
Most inhabitants wanted the Aaland to become a pat of Sweden, however Finland disagree. The League of Nations got involved and decided that the islands should remain with Finland, though protections were put in place to protect the rights of Swedish people in the islands to maintain their own language and culture. Finland and Sweden accepted the League decision. -
The Washington Naval Conference
East Asia needed to reduce tensions that was arising from Japanese expansion, so the us invited 9 nations to discuss naval reduction nd the situation in East Asia. Led to a series of treaties which seemed to guarantee peace in East Asia. The conference lack an enforcement mechanism. -
The Genoa Conference
The Genoa Conference was mainly focused on the issue of German reparations, which Germany was struggling to pay. The Genoa Conference achieved nothing, the US declined the invitation to attend and Germany withdrew from the conference when France would not budge. Russia also backed out when it began to feel isolated and sensed a chance to build a relationship with Germany. -
The Chanak Crisis
The Treaty of Sevres was no longer viable because of the national movement under Kamal. Kemal sent a detachment of troops to Chanak in neutral zone between Turkish and British forces and making war between Turkey and Britain seem like a possibility. The crisis was resolved through the armistice of Mudanya, which gave Kemal almost everything he wanted. -
Ruhr Crisis
Germany's failure to make reparations payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr, which was one of Germany's most important industrial regions. The French and Belgian troops did this with the aim of seizing coal and timber to make up for the lost payment. However, this came to an end when Gustav Stresemann ended passive resistance and the French accepted a US-supported an initiative to set up a commission via the Dawes Plan. -
The Corfu Crisis
The Greeks wanted to have the League of Nations intervene, but bowed to pressure from the French and Italians to have the incident referred to the Conference of Ambassadors which ultimately sided with Italy. The Conference of Ambassadors eventually settled the case itself and insisted that Greece should bay 50 million Italian currency in compensation to Italy. Greece and Italy were feuding because Greek bandits killed Italian troops. -
The Lausanne Conference
The Lausanne Conference was held to prevent further border disputes. The terms of the Treaty of Lausanne was that it settled the borders of Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria, it ended capitulations granted foreign states lots of control over Turkey's finances and trade, it recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and Turkey's requirement to pay reparations was ended. The Lausanne Conference was considered the most successful postwar conferences. -
Dawes Plan
The Dawes plan emerged from the London conference. In the plan it was agreed that the French and Belgian troops should fully withdraw from the Ruhr and the region should be retuned to full German control. Germany's reparation payments were restructured. It was agreed that Germany's annual payment would be restricted to what Germany could "reasonably afford" It was also agreed that Germany's national bank should be restructured and supervised and Germany received a foreign loan from the US. -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by over 60 nations by 1928, this was including France, USA, Britain, the USSR, Italy, Germany, and Japan. It went into effect on July 24, 1929. Nations signed this pact to renounce war and agree to settle on disputes by peaceful means. The pact lacked indication of what steps would be taken against any country that broke the agreement, this made the pact useless.