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In 1492, Christopher Columbus lands in the Americas/New World while on his mission to find another trading route from Europe to Asia.
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Foods, culture, diseases, animals, etc. were exchanged during the Columbian Exchange between Africa, and the New and Old World after Christopher Columbus "Found" the New World.
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The Spanish Encomienda System began and consisted of the forced labor of Native Americans.
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The Spanish Casta System was a system with the creation of mixed races and new social hierarchies by the Spanish against Africans and natives.
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Diseases like small pox where spread from Europe and many Native Americans died because of it.
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Jamestown, Virginia was founded and was the first permanent British colony in the Americas.
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Tobacco was introduced to Virginia 1611 and would become one of its biggest cash crops for which they and the Southern colonies profited from.
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African slaves were brought as indentured servants were being used less to work in Virginia plantations.
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The Virginia House of Burgesses was formed in 1619 and was the first elected group in the colonies with representatives.
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Plymouth, Massachusetts was founded by Puritans who were in search of religious freedom from England.
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The Mayflower was a document signed by the settlers of Plymouth that established the idea of self-governance in their colony.
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New Hampshire was founded as part of the 13 American colonies and the land was given to John Mason.
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"City Upon a Hill' referred to the Puritans belief that their colony is the one that should set the examples and the one the other colonies look up to.
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After being banished from the Massachusetts colony, Roger Williams founded Rhode Island with the idea of religious liberty.
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Harvard was founded in 1636 in Massachusetts and remains as the oldest university in the United States.
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The Navigation Acts and Mercantilism centered around the policy of Great Britain that restricted shipping and trading of the American colonies for the mother countries benefit.
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King Philips War was an armed conflict between colonists and American Indians to drive the colonists out of the land (New England).
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In 1676, a group led by Nathaniel Bacon challenged the Virginia governor.
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The Pueblo Revolt was an uprising where indigenous people drove the Spanish colonizers out of what is now New Mexico.
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Quaker William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a religious freedom community and part of "The Holy Experiment".
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The Salem Witch Trials consisted of prosecutions for those accused of witchcraft by Puritans in Massachusetts.
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The Salutary Neglect Policy consisted of the lax attention of Great Britain towards trading in the American Colonies
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The Great Awakening was a religious movement or revival that influenced the ideas of identity and authority in the colonies.
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The French and Indian War began in 1754 due to both France and England wanting the land in the Ohio River Valley.
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The French and Indian war comes to an end as Britain is victorious and the Treaty of Paris of 1763 is signed.
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The Proclamation Line of 1763 was an act passed from Great Britain as a result of the Seven Years' War that prohibited colonists settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid further conflict with Native Americans.
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The Townshend Acts were passed by the British Parliament to tax goods imported to the American colonies and were met with colonial resistance and the idea of "no taxation without representation".
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During the Boston Massacre, British soldiers shot into the crowd and killed American colonists when they were surrounded by the mob and the riot began.
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The Boston Tea Party was a protest against the taxes on tea by the British Parliament without colonial representation. American colonists dumped tea into the harbor.
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Thomas Paine's Common Sense was influential to many colonists since in the pamphlet he emphasized and argued for American Independence from Great Britain.
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The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles fought of the American Revolution.
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The Declaration of Independence emphasized the ideals of the American colonies and their separation from Great Britain.
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George Washington and his Continental army spent a winter in Valley Forge where they experienced harsh weather conditions and near starvation during the Revolutionary War.
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The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution and the French were allies with the American Colonists.
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The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle for the American Revolution and the British General surrendered to Washington after being cornered.
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The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War and America won its independence while Britain gave up land in North America.
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George Washington was elected the first president of the United States in 1789 after receiving all electoral votes.
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George Washington's presidential cabinet consisted of Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, Thomas Jefferson, and Edmund Randolph
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Washington D.C. became the new capital of the United States on July 16, 1790
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In George Washington's Farewell Address he suggested to Americans to maintain united, to stay out of foreign affairs, and avoid political parties.
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John Adams was elected the 2nd president of the United States in 1797 against Thomas Jefferson after being vice president for George Washington.
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The Market Revolution led to improvements in technological advancements like the cotton gin and centered around the increase of factories and manual labor.
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The Cult of Domesticity was the idea that women should stay at home and do domestic work rather than work outside the home.
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The Steam Locomotive was invented by George Stephenson and Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom which was a turning point for transportation.
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The Louisiana Purchase was the gaining of land from France to the United States that nearly doubled the size of the country.
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The case of Marbury v. Madison was very important since established judicial review which means that a Supreme Court can decide if a law is constitutional or not.
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James Madison, a Democratic-Republican was elected on 1808 as the 4th president and won against candidate Charles Pinckney.
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British Impressment in 1812 was when the British Navy would capture American sailors and force them to work in their Navy which would lead to the War of 1812.
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One of the reasons for the War of 1812 was the impressment of American sailors and merchant ships for from the British.
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Francis Scott Key wrote the star-spangled banner which is now the national anthem originally as a poem in the War of 1812.
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The Treaty of Ghent was a treaty that ended the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States in 1814.
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The last presidential candidate for the federalist party was Rufus King who lost against Andrew Jackson.
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The tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff, or tax on imported goods established by the United States in order to protect manufacturing from outside/foreign competition.
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James Monroe who was a Democratic Republican was elected the 5th president of the United States in 1817 against Federalist Rufus King.
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Universal White Male Suffrage began to rise and poor white males were included as opposed to how it only used to be the rich and educated.
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The Missouri Compromise was a compromise that admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state and declared the land above the imaginary line, not open for slavery.
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The Monroe Doctrine was a doctrine under James Monroe's presidency that warned other nations to not further colonize and that the United States would stay out of foreign affairs.
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in 1825, John Quincy Adams, a Democratic- Republican was elected 6th president after winning more electoral votes against Andrew Jackson.
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Women start to work on textile mills, mills that made cloth, but in poor work conditions and that payed them very little.
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The Two Party System with the Democrats and Whigs was created. Whigs were for national bank and protective tariffs, while Democrats wanted limited government and free trade.
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The Indian Removal Act was an act signed by President Andrew Jackson that relocated and resettled Native Americans west of the Mississippi River to take their land.
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The Trail of Tear was a relocation of around 60,000 Native Americans forced by the U.S.. an effect of the Indian Removal Act.
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The Nullification Crisis was when South Carolina refused/nullified a federal tariff. South Carolina wanted to secede but Andrew Jackson forced South Carolina to pay the tariff by sending an army.
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The Texas Revolution ended as U.S. colonists and Texan Mexicans fought against the government of Mexico mainly due to the total power the government tried exercising.
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In 1840, more than 7 and a half immigrants moved to the United States mainly due to faminesand political turmoil in their areas.
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Dorothea Dix advocated for prison reform and better treatment for the mentally ill who were under terrible conditions in 1843.
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In 1845, Texas was annexed, or proclaimed by the United States and became its 28th state.
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A potato famine in Ireland caused many to starve since they were dependent on the potato and, as a result many migrated to the United States.
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The Seneca Falls Convention was a convention held to discuss women's rights in society.
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Signed in 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the War between Mexico and United States, as Mexico gave land to the United States (the Mexican Cession).
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Those in the Free Soil Movement opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States.
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The California Gold Rush consisted of the discovery of gold in Sacramento where a large amount of people traveled throughout the country and world to get ahold of the gold.
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Harriet Tubman, an abolitionist used the Underground Railroad, a network aimed to help fugitive slaves get to safety, and typically travel to the North.
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Harriet Stowe, who was against slavery, published "Uncle Tom's Cabin", a novel that went on the change the perspectives about slavery and African Americans and some believe, led to the Civil War.
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The Gadsden Purchase was a purchase where the United States bought land from Mexico for 10 million dollars to construct a transcontinental railroad.
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As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, people with opposing views swarmed the states to try and sway the vote on slavery which resulted in violent revolts.
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The Republican Party was created, mainly by people who had previously been in the Whig party, to stop the spread of slavery into the western areas of the United States.
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In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed which declared that the territories of Kansas and Nebraska would be able to decide if slavery would be allowed in their states through voting (popular sovereignty).
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A clash between Senator Charles Sumner (against slavery) and Representative Preston Brooks (for slavery) where Brooks beat Sumner with a cane in the Senate Chamber.
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In 1861, South Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Florida seceded, or left from the Union and formed the Confederacy, mainly due to them wanting to keep slavery and being threatened by the election of president Lincoln.
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The Battle of Fort Sumter 1861 started the Civil War where South Carolina militia bombarded the United States Army. The Confederacy captured the fort and won the battle.
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Passed by president Lincoln in the middle of the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation declared that all slaves of the rebellious (Confederate) states would be free.
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The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the Civil War resulted in a better morale for the Union army and the general of the Confederate Army, Robert E. Lee, stopped trying/failed to invade the North.
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In 1865, the Confederate General Lee surrendered his troops to the Union and thus ended the Civil War.
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In 1865, while watching a play, Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by actor John Wilkes Booth and died the day after.
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In 1865, the 13th amendment to the Constitution was passed and it abolished slavery in the United States.
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In 1865, the Freedmen's Bureau was created as an agency to provide relief like shelter, food, clothing, etc. especially towards former slaves. Most of the South opposed the Freedmen's Bureau.
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The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1865 as a racist group of former Confederates that believed in white supremacy.
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in 1868, the 14th amendment to the Constitution was passed and it gave citizenship to everyone, which was especially important since it granted citizenship to African Americans.
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The Transcontinental Railroad was finished on 1869, it connected the United States and made for easier and faster travel of people and goods to the west of the country. The Transcontinental Railroad played a big part in westward expansion.
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In 1870, Hiram Rhode Revels became the first African American in office in the U.S. congress as a Republican Senator.
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John D Rockefeller established Standard Oil which became a monopoly by eliminating competition and came to control 90 percent of the refineries and pipelines in the U.S.
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The Jim Crow Laws were laws that allowed for racial segregation in the South after the Civil War. These laws usually targeted African Americans and separated public places from white people.
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In 1870, the 15th amendment was passed which granted African Americans the right to vote. This amendment, however was met with a lot of opposition and later voter oppression against African Americans.
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Originating from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and "survival of the fittest" social Darwinism gained popularity in the U.S. as they sought to incorporate African Americans and Native Americans into white American society by getting rid of their own cultures/traditions.
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Boss Tweed's influence, a political boss of Tammany Hall, the main political machine of the Democrats in New York City, grew as they helped immigrants in exchange for their votes.
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The Reconstruction Era in the United States came to an end marked by the period after the American Civil War where the previous Confederate states were rejoining the Union and some rights to African Americans were granted.
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A law passed in the United States in 1882, where it prohibited all immigration from Chinese laborers INTO the United States.
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The Pendleton Act ended the spoils system and made it so government offices would be picked from exams and not just who the politicians wanted to pick, as well as making it illegal to fire government officials for political reasons.
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The Haymarket Massacre happened after the bombing of what started off as a peaceful protest for workers that worked eight hour days. A bomb was thrown and the police responded with gunfire that killed 1 and injured more of these workers.
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The Dawes Act was a law passed in 1887 that allowed the U.S. government to take land from tribes and distribute these Native American lands to individuals and families instead.
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The Interstate Commerce Act was a law passed in 1887, that regulated and made sure there were fair rates in the railroad industry. This law was mostly aimed to stop the growth of monopolies in the railroad industry.
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In 1889, Andrew Carnegie published "Gospel of Wealth" that talks of how the new self-made rich, that dominated the Gilded age, should give to those who are less fortunate, otherwise called philanthropy.
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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed in 1890 aimed to prohibit activities that eliminated or restricted commerce and competition, usually trusts and monopolies.
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How the Other Half Lives was a book with pictures that illustrated the poor living conditions of immigrants in tenements. -
"Influence of Sea Power Upon History was a book that discussed the importance of a good navy in a country and later influenced the strategies taken on by the United states in the naval arms race in World War 1. -
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The Homestead Labor Strike was a violent confrontation were at least 3 guards and 7 workers were killed. The confrontation was between the Carnegie Steel Company and its workers that wanted fair wages and better working conditions.
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The Plessy v. Ferguson Court Case was a decision by the Supreme Court that declared segregation laws - like the Jim Crow laws-based on race were constitutional as long as they were "equal".
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After over a decade of conflict between white Americans and native Hawaiians a treaty was signed and sent to the Senate for Hawaii to be annexed to the United States. This was met with a lot of opposition from Native Hawaiin people. -
The Spanish American War took place after the United States intervened by Cuba's side for independence from Spain. -
The United States settled policies on China that are referred to as the Open Door Policy and essentially opened way for foreign affairs in China. The United States claimed that they were protecting the trading rights of other countries which was met with opposition from those in China. -
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The United States began building the Panama Canal after a failed attempt from the French. The canal was meant to make trading routes for goods on sea faster. -
The Jungle was a novel written by Upton Sinclair where he addressed the harsh working and living conditions of immigrants in America. This book also showed the horrors of the meat industry and led to food safety laws. -
The Pure Food and Drug Act was a law passed by Congress in 1906 that aimed to protect the public from harmful food and drugs being sold. This act was an effect of the Jungle. -
Model T ,a vehicle by Henry Ford, began to be mass produced. This mass production will continue to revolutionize the more efficient and faster making of goods throughout the United States. -
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The use of trench warfare, or when soldiers would hide in trenches, during World War 1 was such an effective technique that it ended up in producing a stalemate. Poison gas and machine guns were also used in World War 1, many times the poison gas would be thrown into trenches. -
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The American ship Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine which increased anti-German sentiments in the United States. Although this did not directly make the United States go to War it definitely increased sentiments that would later lead to doing so. -
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The Russian Revolution in 1917 abolished the monarchy in Russia and created the Soviet Union. -
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American president Woodrow Wilson proposed Fourteen Points for negotiations to end World War 1. Some of his points included concepts like freedom of the seas, and punishments for Germany like adjustment of colonial claims. -
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty between Germany and the Allied Powers that ended World War 1. -
The 18th amendment passed in 1920 prohibited the selling and buying of alcohol in the United States. -
The 19th amendment passed in 1920 gave women in the United States the right to vote. This amendment was partially passed after women's support to the economy of the United States in World War 1. -
After World War 1, American president Warren Harding advertised the idea to return to normalcy, or how life was before the war. -
The Harlem Renaissance was an era where African American culture flourished. African American music, art, fashion, etc. developed from this renaissance. -
The Red Scare was a period when fear of immigrants or those with communist, socialist and anarchist values spread across the United States. Much of this so-called fear was rooted in racism and the communist events that had occurred in Russia. -
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The "Monkey" Trial was a court case that was held after a high school teacher taught her students about evolution which according to some undermined the theory in the Bible. -
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