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World War One Conscription Crisis
Conscription was implemented when the volunteer enlisements weren’t keeping up with the men that the were being killed or injured. The Canadian population was divided over conscription, and English-Canadians believed that Quebec was not contributing enough to the war. Any man who was not pacifist or injured were forced to join the war. -
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Creation of the Union Nationale Party
It was a Quebec political party that lasted from 1935-1989. The party leader was Maurice Duplessis. Paul Sauvé was than elected after Duplessis’ death. During the 1940’s to 1950’s, they had a great advantage over the Liberals. After the party’s defeat in 1960, the party rapidly declined. -
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The Duplessis Era / The Great Darkness
Quebec was very conservative. When Canada was shifting to centralisation, Quebec didn’t support this. To ensure that Quebec maintains conservative, they elected a new leader, Maurice Duplessis. The Duplessis Era is also referred to as “The Great Darkness.” This is because many secrets were hid from the public and Quebec was in corruption. -
World War 2 Conscription Crisis
Prime Minister King promised that he would not implement conscription. However in 1942, he implemented conscription. Canada sent 13,000 troops because of conscription, but only 2,000 made it overseas. -
1960s Separatist Movement
A separatist movement re-emerged in Quebec in the 1960s. A leftist party rose called the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance Nationale (RIN). It gained over 9% of the Quebec vote in 1966. -
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Quiet Revolution
Life in Quebec had been dictated by the Provincial Premier, Duplessis until after his death in 1959. Major change was an effort by the provincial government to take more control in education and health care. Which was previously owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Jean Lesage was elected in 1960 after former Maurice Duplessis. His slogan: “C’est le temps que ça change,” meaning “it’s time for a change.” -
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Front de Liberation du Quebec
The Front de Libération du Québec was a militant part of the Quebec sovereignty. They conducted multiple attacks, from bombings to kidnapping of government officials. The police and public support helped with the decline of the Front de Liberation du Quebec. -
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Bi & Bi Commission investigation by Lester B. Pearson
The Bi & Bi Commission or the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was a response to the growing frustrating among the French Canadians. The French Canadians wanted protection of their culture, language, and opportunities to fully participate in political decision making. There were some backlash with anglophones in Western Canada claiming that “it was an attempt to force the French language on an unwilling population.” -
1967 Canada’s Immigration Policy becomes “Colour Blind”
In 1967, a points system was introduced in the immigration policy. It was used to rank potential immigrants for eligibility of migrating to Canada. The points system did not care about race or nationality, but was instead based on work skills, education, and the ability to speak English or French. -
Official Languages Act
This act was made to make English and French the official languages of Canada. This requires all federal intitulions to include English or French on request. -
War Measures Act 1970
The War Measures Act was first introduced in 1914, after the spark of the First World War. The War Measures Act is meant to give broad powers to the Canadian government to maintain safety and security during an insurrection or war. The War Measures
Act was used in 1970 after the kidnapping of James Cross and Pierre Laporte by the FLQ. This was the first incident for the War Measures Act to be used during peacetime. -
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1976 Immigration policy moves to ‘sponsorship program’ 1970-now
In 1970 Canada had embarked on a program that allows them to sponsor Immigrants to come over to Canada to be permanent residents. This was mainly a Church and/or ethnic community organizations. In 2017 the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program has taken in more than 250,000 immigrants, not including the Canadian government. -
FLQ Crisis or October Crisis
The FLQ Crisis or the October Crisis, began with the kidnapping of James Cross, a British trade commissioner. He was kidnapped by the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ). Pierre Laporte, the Minister of Immigration and Minister of Labour was also kidnapped and killed. The members of the FLQ who were responsible for this were charged and arrested. The FLQ Crisis was the only time that the War Measures Act was put in place during peacetime in Canada. -
Policy of Multiculturalism
In 1971, Prime Minister Pierre showed his commitment to the principle of multiculturalism by formalizing a policy to protect and promote diversity, recognize the rights of Aboriginal peoples, and support the use of Canada’s two official languages -
Bill 22
Bill 22 was introduced by Robert Bourassa. The bill made French the language of civic administration and services. -
1976 First ever Parti Quebecois wins in Quebec. Taking 72 out of 100 seats
René Lévesque, the leader of Parti Québécois(PQ), finally defeated the Liberals in the provincial election. PQ was a non-violent separatist party that wanted Quebec to be independent. -
Party leader René Lévesque introduces new bill. Bill 101
in 1977 a year after René Lévesque has been elected primer he introduces Bill 101 to replace Bill 22. Bill 101 was also known as the "Charter of French Language bill. The Bill reads that French is to be the language used by governments, courts, and businesses in Quebec. This bill made most English businesses leave Quebec for other English speaking provinces. -
Bill 101 passed
On August 26 Bill 101 was passed. I read that everything must be in French. In 1989 the Supreme Court overruled Section 58, they said it was unconstitutional. It violated the right to freedom of expression. -
Referendum on Sovereignty-Association in 1980
In 1980 Quebec proclaimed its first referendum on the matter of sovereignty vs. association with the rest of Canada. all referendum when it is an issue politically must be submitted to a direct vote of all citizens. This idea was that Quebec would be an independent state, They could control over its own taxes, Social policies with citizenship and immigration. over 90% of people cast their votes in and 60% voted not to leave, Quebec is still part of Canada. -
1982 Patriation of the Constitution.
The British North America act of 1867, was Canada's original constitution. Prime Minister Trudeau wanted Canada's constitution to belong to Canada, so he offered the Constitution Act of 1982. Under the Constitution Act, Canada would be a sovereign nation and will be no longer with Great Britain. -
Constitutions act of 1982
Prime Minister Trudeau wanted to set the Constitutions act to make Canada be free from Great Britain. On the final night of the talks with all the premiers to decide whether to leave or stay with Britain, Rene Levesque did not sign Canada's new constitution because he was not invited and felt betrayed. -
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Brian Mulroney becomes Prime Minister
Canadian politician, Brian Mulroney who was the 18th prime minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993. His work as the prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. Prior to his political career. -
Reform Party created
In 1987 the Reform Party was created to give a voice to Western Canadian interests. It was a right-wing group led by Brian Mulroney that eventually made its way to being called the conservative party. -
Bloc Quebecois formation
The Bloc Quebecois was a federal party of Quebec led by Lucien Bouchard. They became the Official Party of Opposition in Canada. -
Meech Lake Accord 1987. pt2
3) Any amendments to the new constitution would require agreement from all ten provinces. 4) Provinces could choose to opt out of federal funding. 5) Quebec would be able to control its own immigration regulations.
According to Canadian law, the provincial governments and Parliament had to pass the Accord within a three-year period in order to amend the Constitution. -
Meech Lake Accord 1987. pt 1
The Meech lake initiative was Brian Mulroney's effort to form a constitutional harmony with Quebec. All the 10 premiers gathered around a discussed and proposed the Meech Lake Accord. 1) Quebec would be considered a distinct society. 2) Three of the Nine Supreme Court judges were to come from Quebec. -
1988 Department of Multiculturalism formed
In 1971 the Canadian government under Prime minister Trudeau declared that Canada would adopt the Multiculturalism Policy. This means that they would respect and recognize its society including its diversity in languages, customs, religions, etc. In 1982 it was in section 27 in the Charter of Rights and Freedom. -
1992 Charlottetown Accord.
In 1992 the 10 leaders met again, but this time to discuss the failure of the Meech Lake accord and the new Accord, The Charlottetown Accord for the Indigenous self-government, Senate reform, workers rights, universal healthcare, etc. This ended up failing because only 4 out of 10 provinces approved. -
1994 Parti Quebecois comes back into power
Jacques Parizeau the leader of Parti Quebecois issued a second referendum to split Quebec into its own country. It was the closest they have gotten to split up. 50.6% of French Canadians chose "no" to split from Canada so, Quebec is still part of Canada. -
30 Oct 1995 2nd Referendum on Sovereignty-Association
The rejection of Charlottetown left many French Canadians feel like they would never get what they wanted. In 1995 Jacques Parizeau, Premier of the Parti Quebecois. He cast a referendum to separate from Canada. It was a very close call but 50.6% said "no" to this option. -
1998 Clarity Bill and the Supreme Court decision.
In 1988 the Supreme Court decided that Quebec did not have the right to separate from Canada. Quebec had to go through many challenges. They had to negotiate with the federal government, nine other provinces, the Indigenous nations living in Quebec, and the other minorities living there. They needed a "clear majority" voted "yes" to a "clear question" -
Trudeau Becomes Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau became the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada on April 14, 2013. He is part of the Liberal Party and his father was former Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau is also the second-youngest person to become Prime Minister.
