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Title IX Throughout the years
Over the years we have seen Title IX change, mostly towards ensuring the equal rights for everyone. It has come a long way since it first started and continues to show improvement. It still has areas of improvement that hopefully will be addressed and will make Title IX better in order to protect indivual rights. -
Women's Rights Movement
Women's Rights Movement was one of the first events that evetually led to the start of Title IX. -
Cival Rights Act of 1964
Written in order to end discrimination based on religion, race, color or national origin, and sex discrimination. However, sex discrimination in public education and federally assisted programs was not present until later. -
Title IX Signed Into Law
Richard Nixon signed into law Title IX. Title IX is defined as "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" ( U.S Department of Education, 2015). -
Tower Amendment Rejected
Tower Amendment is proposed and rejected. The amendment would have exempted sports producing gross revenue or donations from Title IX compliance.Javits Amendment is passed. An alternative to the Tower Amendment, it states that Title IX regulations must include reasonable provisions considering the nature of particular sports (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
NCCA Challenge
NCAA unsuccessfully files suit, challenging the legality of Title IX (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). The NCCA claimed that they did not think that some sports would be safe for girls to be able to play, insinuating that girls would be too weak for that particular sport. -
Department of Education
U.S. Department of Education is established. Primary oversight of Title IX is transferred to the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Education ( Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
Athletics & Title IX
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Grove City v. Bell that Title IX applies only to the specific programs within an institution that receive specifically targeted federal funding. This decision effectively eliminates Title IX coverage of most athletic programs (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
Civil Rights Restoration
Civil Right Restoration Act is passed over President Reagan’s veto. The act restores Title IX coverage to all of an educational institution’s programs and activities. If any program or activity in an educational institution receives federal funds, all of the institution's programs and activities must comply with Title IX (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
Detailed Reporting Required
All institutions of higher education must make available, to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department, as required by the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). School thought that girls would be less inetrested in certain sports so informtin about them was not given. -
Cohen v. Brown University
In Cohen v. Brown University, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upholds a lower court’s ruling of discrimination against female athletes under Title IX, dismissing arguments that the institution’s actions did not constitute discrimination because women are less interested in sports. The court’s opinion contains an exhaustive refutation of arguments made to challenge the three-part test ( Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
School Responsibilities
“Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, Other Students, or Third Parties.” The document describes standards for Title IX compliance for schools’ sexual harassment policies and details OCR’s standard procedures for investigating and resolving allegations of sexual harassment. It also emphasizes that institutions are responsible for student-on-student sexual harassment (Equal Rights Advocate, 2015). -
Title IX Legal Manual
U.S Department of justice provides federal agencies a manual regarding all educational programs under Titile IX. -
Jackson V. Birmingham BOE
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education that schools are prohibited under Title IX from retaliating against those who protest sex discrimination (Equal Rights Advocates,2015). This is extreamly important in order to provide safety to all students invovled. -
Single Sex Programs
Department of Education promulgates new regulations expanding authorization for schools to offer single-sex programs (Equal RIghts Advocate, 2015). This is very important to student organizations such as fraternities and sosrorities that are single sex based organizations. -
Protecting Athletes
The Department of Education issued a policy guidance which clarifies that Title IX’s protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence apply to all students, including athletes. It addresses athletics departments in particular when it requires schools to use the same procedures that apply to all students to resolve sexual violence complaints involving student-athletes (Equal Rights Advocates, 2015). -
Bullying Against LGBTQ Community
The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued guidelines in 2010 clarifying schools’ obligations to address bullying that violates any of the federal anti-discrimination statutes including “gender-based” harassment of LGBT students that violates Title IX of the Education Amendments 1972 (Equal Rights Advocate,2015) -
The Future
With the election, this past year and the appointment of new representatives Title IX policy could see a change. Education Secretary Betsy Devos announced recenlty that the department will begin the process of updating the guidance got Title IX. We could see major changes to Title IX policy very soon. -
References
Department of Education. (2015) Title IX and sex discrimination. retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html Equal RIghts Advocates. (2015) ERA'S title IX. Retrieved from http://www.equalrights.org/title-ix-timeline
