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Billy Bishop and the War in the Air (+1) 👥
-Canadian pilots helped advance Canada’s reputation as credible air force in WW1
-Canada didn't have own air force until end of war
-taking + landing a plane w/out crashing was an accomplishment
-only couple hundred front line aircrafts + airships at war outbreak
-Billy Bishop became famous fighter pilot
↳flew across enemy lines + attacked German aerodrome, shot down 3 German planes -
Francis Pegahmagabow and First Nations Soldiers (+2) 👥
-became one of original members of 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion
-fought at battle of Somme(1916) and 2nd battle in Ypres(1915)
-Peggy acquired fierce reputation of being an excellent sniper
-native enlistment in WW1 - strong
-Peggy - held with high esteem + valued in the eyes of the army, making other aboriginals want to enlist in war.
↳on east coast - half eligible Micmac + Maliseet men volunteered
↳in B.C. - every man between ages of 20-35 enlisted
-Peggy was awarded 3 medals -
Leo Le Boutillier, Thomas-Louis Tremblay and French-Canadian Soldiers (0) 👥
-Le Boutillier + Tremblay - part of 1000 French-Canadians (F-C) volunteers in first contingent to go to Britain
-manuals/instructions - often in English - soldiers were alienated + not promoted within army
-after F-C regiment - 22nd battalion formed
↳F-C soldiers could be promoted
-22nd battalion - involved in battle of Somme
↳joined newfoundland regiment - suffered disastrous consequences first day of battle (68 of 801 men were not killed) -
Jeremiah Jones and Black Canadian Soldiers (+2) 👥
-Jeremiah Jones enlisted in 106th overseas battalion
↳fought at Vimy Ridge + assigned to Royal Canadian Regiment
-during battle of Vimy Ridge, Jones rescued unit from enemy machine gun nest
-battle now known as Canada’s greatest success
-actions were heroic - contributed to one of Canada's greatest victories
-proved "black man’s worth in a white man’s army"
-black men became more recognized for their work and racism was less apparent -
Reality in Canada during World War 1 (-2) 💰
-unemployment disappeared + munitions factories employed 100,000s of workers
-700 factories creating warcrafts
wartime industry - did more than $2 million business daily
-debt piled up
-at peak of war - national debt: $1.2 billion -
Conscription and the Home Front (-2) 👑
-after Vimy Ridge battle - demand for soldiers was immense
-year earlier, Prime Minister Borden promised Britain 250,000-50,000 volunteer soldiers
-nobody wanted to go: enacted Military Service Act (conscription for men between ages of 20-45)
-fueled anger + resentment
-conscription issue divided country and resulted in riots -
Women on the Home Front (-1) 💰👑
-with so many men at war, women needed to step up + take their place in workplace
-created advancements for women but forced to work (sometimes) 12 hours a day
-war also created food shortage - hired women to work long hours + low wages
-Borden gave right to vote to women relatives of soldiers + nurses serving overseas
-some women opposed idea that only certain women got to vote
-this vote status was not extended to women of colour either -
Mae B. Sampson, Katherine MacDonald and Nurses Overseas (+1) 👥
-women - not allowed to enlist as soldiers/sailors/pilots in WW1
-1000 women took jobs w/ Red Cross
-worked in dangerous, overcrowded, stressful situations
-images/news of nurses working hard at front + sacrificing lives changed notions of women as fragile, helpless creatures
-Mae B. Sampson - enlisted overseas + selected for service w/ C.E.F
↳helped treat 15000 troops with only 2000 beds
-progress made in women empowerment
-people realized: women were important and not just “helpless creatures” -
War Artists (+2) 👥
-WW1 created opportunities for Canadian artists to hone skills + get recognized
-Max Aitken - hired to be Canada’s “eye witness” to war
↳hired different art makers (writers, artists, etc) to tell Canada’s war story - first to use multiple media to tell story of WW1
-new medium of film - progressed a lot - cinematographers produced weekly film dispatches
↳aided recruitment process + celebrates Canada’s contributions
-1000+ works of art and 7900+ photographs were created as a result of WW1 -
Consequences for Workers (-2) 💰
-number of workers returning to Canada - increased unemployment
-workers wages - not been kept up with increased cost of living
-lack of jobs caused anti-immigrant notions, Clements saying: "...each and every alien in this dominion should be deported at the earliest convenience."
-many workers joined a union that started strike - 30,000+ workers walked off job
-1919 - police got involved w/ violent protesters - 100+ killed, 2 killed
-after protest, workers went back to same jobs + wages