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Régime de la Terror
-Terrorism was defined as a positive political force
-Became an "instrument of governance" — terror was used by state actors (rather than non-state actors) to instill fear in dissenters and counter-revolutionaries
-Terrorism was closely associated with the ideals of virtue and democracy, as per Robespierre
-Justification of terror was to create a better society
-Terror was very organized by different ministries -
Burke's reaction to the French Revolution
-Following Robespierre’s death after extremists and modernists had allied to kill him
-Terrorism became associated with abuse of power and “criminal” implications
-Burke characterized the French Revolution’s radicals as terrorists -
Death of Carlo Piscane
-Piscane was a Italian republican extremist – strong beliefs in federalism and mutualism
-He believed that terror was necessary to inform of radicalism’s presence but also to rally the masses behind revolutionary ideals
-Piscane spread the idea of propaganda by deed
-Killed in a revolt in this year against Bourbon rule -
Founding of Narodnaya Volya
-Founded in Russia to challenge czarist rule — constitutionalist ideology
-This group believed that apathy and alienation of the Russian people meant that terror was the only option
-“Propaganda by deed” meant an idealistic use of violence against individuals who symbolized the czarist state
-Believed in the symbolic value of all who were to be killed by Narodnaya Volya
-Avoided civilian deaths as much as possible -
London "anarchist conference" leads to global fears of terror
-Anarchist radicals in London applauded the assassination of Czar Alexander II's murder and created Anarchist International
-Publicity surrounding the creation of Anarchist International led to global fears of anarchist terror and usage of violence, which were in small cells — led to fear of "lone wolf" attackers who adhered to anarchist ideology -
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"Dynamite Campaign" in the UK
-Led by Irish radical groups Clan na Gael and the Irish Republican Brotherhood
-Used transnational terrorism to grow their network and set up larger funding bases
-Attacked symbolic targets and mass public targets, often in railway stations
-Indifferent about civilian deaths
-Started trends of terrorists targeting mass transport stations and using time-delayed explosives -
Founding of the Black Hand
-Militant splinter group of the Sprpska Narodna Obrana
-Embraced violent symbols of terrorism, e.g. skull and bones, knives, poison, bombs
-Close links to the Serbian government, although Black Hand was more militant than Serbian leadership
-Some have drawn links between the archduke's assassination and state-sponsored terrorism (with the Serbian government) -
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand — Mlada Bosna
-Nationalists joined together in various Balkan states to revolt against the Hapsburgs
-Allied with Srpska Narodna Obrana, among other terrorist networks
-A member of Mlada Bosna killed Franz Ferdinand
-Focus on recruiting young people among Mlada Bosna ad Srpska Narodna Obrana -
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Terrorism of European Authoritarian States
-Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia have adopted internal militaristic presences to eliminate political opposition, often enforced through street gangs
-Leaders of 1930s Italy, Germany, and Soviet Russia had complete authority over street gangs and governance -- total party control
-Widespread persecution of "enemies of the state"
-Unlike fascist Italy and Germany, Russia's terrorist regime arose in a time of relative peace -
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Anticolonialist and Nationalist Uprisings
-Emerged in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
-Idea of "freedom fighters"
-Support for rebels even supplanted in colonial state's population, which led to successful independence movements — more politically neutral language. Rather than "terrorism", nationalist uprisings were described as "wars of liberation" -
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Revolutionary "Terror" Extends Across the Globe
Separatist Movements
-Expanded to groups outside colonial or neocolonial occupation, e.g. PLO, Quebecois FLQ, Basque ETA, etc
-Used terror to draw attention to their movements
-Tried to bring about revolution
Left-wing Movements
-Terrorist groups formed in Western Europe, the U.S., and Latin America to oppose American intervention abroad and global capitalism
-Based on Marxist/Leninist/Maoist ideology -
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Broader Definitions of Terrorism
-In the early 1980s, terrorism began to be societally defined as a broader global conspiracy to destabilize the West
-Popularized by books such as Sterling's The Terror Network — conspiracy by the Warsaw Pact
-Communist conspiracy theories were replaced by fears about Middle Eastern governments — "surrogate warfare" -
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Narco-Terrorism
-"'Use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations'"
-Initially associated with Marxist governments in the USSR, Cuba, Bulgaria, ad Nicaragua, although later in the decade, the governments involved were in Latin America (e.g. Colombia)
-Terrorist groups had links with economically motivated criminal organizations to smuggle drugs and to bring about violence to further their goals -
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Gray-Area Phenomena
-"'Threats to the stability of nation states by non-state actors and non-governmental processes and organizations'" through the use of violence
-Power in some regions has shifted from governmental control to that of "half-political, half-criminal powers"
-Terrorism is a subset of this — part of a wider patttern -
9/11
-Terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijack four planes and crash them into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon (the fourth was taken over by the passengers and crashed into a field)
-Killed nearly 3,000 people —largest magnitude of a terrorist attack
-"War on Terror" signified a large movement by Americans/the West against anything that posed (even allegedly) a threat to Americans. Adversaries expanded to North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Al-Qaeda, ISIS, etc.
-"WoT" led to broad definition of terrorism