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Plessy v.Ferguson
A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for people of color were equal in quality to those of white people, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". The ones affected by this event were the African Americans creating substantial inequalities and hardships for decades. Homer Plessy was the plaintiff of the case; john Howard Ferguson was the judge of the criminal district court. -
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Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
A ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. This Brown V. Board of Education case involved several key individuals. Oliver Brown, He was main plaintiff in the case. Linda Brown: Oliver Brown's daughter who was denied entry to a white school. Thurgood Marshall: He was the chief attorney for the NAACP. The negative impacts were the African Americans. -
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Engel v. Vitale
Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the state cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if participation is not required and the prayer is not tied to a particular religion. A group of parents including Steven Engel, Challenged the prayer, arguing that it violated the First Amendment. The ones impacted were the ones who supported the inclusion of prayers in schools. -
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Lau v. Nichols
A supreme court that addressed the rights of non-English speaking students in publics schools. The case originated in San Francisco, where a group of Chinese American students who were not receiving adequate support to help them learn the language which prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in program receiving federal assistance -
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Title IX
A federal civil rights law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal funding. The ones involved in this act were congress, senator Birch Bayh, representative Edith Green, President Richard Nixon, activists and advocates. The Title IX has played a crucial role in promoting gender equality and protecting the rights of individuals in education environment. -
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Goss v. Lopez
Public schools must conduct a hearing before subjecting a student to suspension. Also, a suspension without a hearing violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution. This occurred because Nine students from Columbus Ohio were suspended from their high school without a hearing. Students argued that their due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment were violated because they were not given a chance to defend themselves before being suspended -
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Education of all Handicapped Children Act
Required public schools to provide equal access to education for children with disabilities and to provide them with one free meal each school day. it mandated schools to create (IEP) for children in need and also ensure that children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). This act faced a lot of challenges. For example, funding, training and staffing, resistance to change, resources and parental involvement. -
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Pyler v. Doe
The case centered around the rights of undocumented immigrant children to receive public education. It underscores the principle that education is a fundamental right that should be accessible to children, regardless to their legal status. The people involved in this case were plaintiffs, defendants, legal representatives, supreme court justice. These parties ensured the right to free public education, regardless of immigrant status