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King Louis XVI convened the Estates General to address France’s financial crisis, but it led to demands for political reform and the formation of the National Assembly. -
A revolutionary crowd stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution and the fall of absolute monarchy. -
A fundamental document of the Revolution that proclaimed liberty, equality, and fraternity as the rights of all men. -
Written by Olympe de Gouges, it argued that women should have the same rights as men, challenging the gender inequalities of the time.
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King Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and executed by guillotine, ending the monarchy. -
A period of extreme violence during the Revolution where thousands, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, were executed by guillotine under Robespierre’s rule.
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Robespierre was arrested and executed, marking the end of the Reign of Terror and a shift toward a more moderate government. -
A five-member governing body that ruled France after the fall of Robespierre but was unstable and eventually overthrown by Napoleon.
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The government established after Napoleon’s coup, with him as First Consul, leading to his eventual declaration as Emperor.
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Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate, effectively ending the French Revolution. -
Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of France and expanded his rule across Europe before his eventual downfall.
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One of Napoleon’s greatest victories, where he defeated Russian and Austrian forces, securing his dominance in Europe. -
After his defeat, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba but managed to escape and return to power in France for the Hundred Days.
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The great powers redefined Europe's borders after Napoleon.
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Louis XVIII restored the Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon's exile.
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Napoleon was sent to the remote island of St. Helena, where he spent the rest of his life in captivity.
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Napoleon’s final defeat against the British and Prussian forces, leading to his second exile. -
A period of liberal reforms in Spain, cut short by foreign intervention.
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Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena, likely from stomach cancer, though some theories suggest poisoning. -
Charles X's conservative rule ended with the July Revolution.
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He lost power after a revolution.
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Greece gained independence after a war against the Ottoman Empire. -
Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands after revolution. -
It was a German customs union.
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Many European countries had uprisings. -
The Second Republic was created after the 1848 Revolution, but it was short-lived.
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Napoleon III became Emperor.
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France and Sardinia won against Austria. -
Another key battle for Italian unification. -
He helped unite southern Italy. -
Italy became one country. -
Prussia and Austria fought Denmark. -
Prussia defeated Austria in 7 weeks. -
France and Prussia went to war. -
Germany became an empire. -
The Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905, was a pivotal event that ignited the Russian Revolution of 1905 by shattering the people's faith in Tsar Nicholas II, leading to widespread strikes, peasant revolts, and military mutinies against the autocratic regime, effectively marking the start of the revolution. -
ailors rebel against officers, becoming a symbol of revolutionary resistance during the 1905 Revolution. -
Tsar Nicholas II promises civil liberties and creates the Duma to quell revolutionary strikes, though autocracy largely remains. -
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand[a] was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo, the provincial capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908. -
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, exactly one month after Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination, triggering a complex web of alliances, military mobilizations, and diplomatic crises (the July Crisis) that quickly escalated into World War I, drawing in Russia, Germany, France, and Britain within a week and fundamentally reshaping the global order. -
Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, escalating the July Crisis after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering a domino effect through complex alliances, pulling Russia (Serbia's ally) into the conflict and, subsequently, France (Russia's ally) and Britain (Belgium's protector), thus plunging Europe into World War I. -
Strikes and army mutinies in Petrograd collapse tsarist authority. -
Nicholas II steps down, ending over 300 years of Romanov rule. -
Lenin arrives in Petrograd and promotes the Bolshevik slogan “Peace, Land, Bread.” -
Bolsheviks seize the Winter Palace, overthrowing the Provisional Government. -
The new Soviet government formally takes power. -
Bolsheviks halt fighting with Germany to focus on internal consolidation. -
Revolt along the Trans-Siberian Railway ignites the Russian Civil War. -
Red Army fights Whites, Greens, and nationalist forces across multiple fronts.
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Russia officially exits WWI, ceding large territories to Germany. -
Bolsheviks execute Nicholas II and his family in Yekaterinburg to prevent monarchist restoration. -
Fighting in WWI ceases; Brest-Litovsk is later annulled after Germany’s defeat. -
Lenin introduces limited capitalism to revive the economy after war and famine. -
![USSR formed, consolidating Bolshevik control.[context]](https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photo/23400359/image/medium-581ccdda38b029c54af3f2d84a7d497f.webp?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJB6ZCNNAN7BE7WDQ%2F20260116%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260116T010903Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=6deae0f935c35199ecf7af3b489b0e0ce00b5a1cebeeb7391bf5f389d527478c)
The Soviet Union is officially established, consolidating Bolshevik control. -
Lenin’s death triggers a power struggle, ultimately leading to Stalin’s rise.