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Period: 1509 to 1547
King Henry VIII
Henry VIII was born in 1491 and was the first Tudor King when he was crowned at only 17. Under his reign, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church (in 1554). He had 6 wives and 3 children (Mary, Elizabeth and Edward). -
1517
𝙉𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙩𝙮-𝙁𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨 written by Martin Luther
The Ninety-Five Thesis was written by Martin Luther, a German monk, in 1517. He wrote it in order to protest against the power of indulgences within the Catholic Church. It is said that this writing marks the start of the European Reformation. In the picture, we can see a representation of him nailing the text to the doors of the University of Wittenberg where he was a professor of theology on 31 October, 1517. -
1526
𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙏𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙚 𝘽𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚
In 1526, William Tindale, an English protestant, translated the Bible in English. It is said to be the first official translated version of the Bible. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
Act voted by the Parliament which defined the right of the King (Henry VIII) to be supreme head of the Church of England. -
1536
The Pilgrimage of Grace
It's the greatest rebellion against a Tudor monarch. This rebellion lasted 6 months and was mainly based Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. They were against the dissolution of monasteries and they demanded the restauration of the Pope and Mary Tudor to the Royal succession. -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Destruction of the monasteries
Because of the act of Supremacy in 1534, all the monasteries in England were dissembled in order to erase the Catholic Chruch's footprint. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
King Edward VI
Edward VI is the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. he was only 9 years old when his father died so he didn't become king right away (his uncle ruled as Lord Protector). During his reign, he pushed England further into Protestantism and introduced the Book of Common prayer in 1549. He died at 15 of tuberculosis in 1553 -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Queen Mary I
She became the first Queen of England after her half-brother death. She was known as Mary I and she restored catholicism in only 18 months. Her nickname was "Bloody Mary" because she burned over 200 "heretics"(protestant) during her reign. -
Period: 1558 to
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became Queen after her sister's death. During her reign, she stabilised the Church of England bu giving it principles from Catholicism and Protestantism (the religious settlement). -
1559
Act of Supremacy
Act voted by the Parliament which defined the right of the Queen (Elizabeth I) to be supreme governor of the Church of England. It also abolished the authority of the Pope over the Church of England -
1559
Act of Uniformity
Act voted by the parliament that says that every parish has to use the Book of Common Prayer (Edward VI)and that also sais that people who didn't attend an Anglican service were fined. -
1563
The 39 Articles of Faith
Between 1563 and 1571, Elizabeth I created those articles in order to state the doctrine of the Church. The 3 important changes were a new ecclesiology (conception of Church), a new doctrine of salvation, and a new definition of the saccrements and of the mass. It is still in use today. -
1570
Papal Bull "Regnans in Excellis" and excommunication of the Queen
This Papal bull was delivered in order to excommunicate Queen Elizabeth I. This text was very violent, she was called "the so-called Queen" and "the Queen of the heretics" In response, she passed the Treason Act, which made everyone who said that she wasn't a legitimate Queen a traitor. -
1581
The 1581 Act
This Act is a part of Elizabeth's repression against the Catholics. It allowed death penalty to converting and converted Catholics and also forbade people to participate in a Catholic mass. In addition, Anglican services were made compulsory and a £20 fine was created for people who didn't attend one. -
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots was the daughter of King James VI of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was raised in France as a catholic and also was the widow of the French King Francis II. In 1568, she fled Scotland due to a Civil War, and Elizabeth granted her shelter as a prisoner for 19 years (due to her catholic believes). In 1587, she was found guilty for complicity in a plot against Elizabeth I. She was executed in Fotheringham Castle wearing a bright red dress, the colour of the Catholics martyrs. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
In 1588, Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain tried to invade England because of Elizabeth's support to protestant Dutch revolt against Spain. It was a great victory for England because of a new 8OO ships fleet, a new line battle strategy and the use of the Dutch strategy of incendiary ships. Also, England had a human advantage over Spain. This event helped to prove the extraordinary qualities of the Queen, but also as a reaffirmation of the English national cohesion. -
Period: to
King James I
James I was also known as James VI of Scotland. He was the son of Mary Stuart, the cousin of Elizabeth I. -
The Gunpowder plot
This plot was a catholic conspiracy in order to blow up parliament and kill King James I -
The Great Contract
The Great Contract is a financial reform proposed by King James I. The purpose of this reform was to give the King a financial independence. It was refused by Parliament so James I dismissed it. -
Period: to
The Thirty Years War
This war opposed England with France and Spain and resulted in a military defeat of England. The consequences were a huge strain on finances and an impact on local population due to the raising of troops. -
Period: to
King Charles I
Charles I was the son of King James I, he was King of England and of Scotland. He was executed in 1649 as a result of the Civil War opposing him and the English Parliament. -
Period: to
The Personal Rule
This was a time period of 11 years when King Charles I ruled without a Parliament. -
The Bishop's War
This war was the result of King Charles I's attempt to impose the Book of Common Prayer to Scottish masses. In the end, Scotland invaded Britain and Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scott's army. -
The Irish Rebellion
This armes rebellion broke out in October 1641 and was due to King James I's plantation policy. Irish people rose up against British Settlers and it resulted with the death of 3000/4000 protestants. -
The Grand Remonstrance
It was a list made by Parliament that summarised all the wrong doings of King Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands. The demands were that Parliament could choose the Kings Ministers, control the Army and had the right to reform the Church. This created 2 groups. the royalists (against the remonstrance) and the parliamentarians (for the remonstrance). -
Period: to
The Commonwealth
After Charles I execution, England became a Commonwealth led only by the House of Commons. During this period of time, many experiments with republican forms of government were tried. But all of those failed and on 20 April 1653 Cromwell dissolved the Parliament. After that, Cromwell declared the end of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate (or Military Protectorate) on 16 December 1653. -
King Charles I's execution
On 30 Jan. 1649 King Charles I was executed after being on trial for high treason. Then, in march 1649, Monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished and England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic). -
Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
The Protectorate was a military dictatorship led by newly appointed Lord Protector Cromwell. During the Protectorate, a parliament of 460 MP's was elected every 3 years, and a Council of State of 13 to 21 members appointed for life was created. After Cromwell's death in 1658, the country became very unstable which led to the Restoration of the King (Charles II, son of Charles I) on 29 May 1660. -
Period: to
King Charles II
Charles II was the son of Charles I and became King thanks to the Restoration that happened after the end of the Cromwellian Protectorate. During his reign, he faced the Great Plague of London and also The Great Fire of London. He held Protestant believes and was succeeded by his Catholic brother James II. -
The Great Plague of London
The Great Plague of London was an epidemic which was sais to come from China. It mostly reached the poor areas of London because the richest parts were evacuated to the countryside. Around 100,000 people died of the Plague within a period of 2 years. -
Period: to
King James II
King James II became King after his brother's death (Charles II) and he held Catholic believes. By the time he was crowned, James was already old and his only heir was his Protestant daughter Mary (she was married to the Dutch William of Orange). But in 1688, his second wife gave birth to a boy who became his 1st (possibly Catholic) heir. After that, parliament invited William and Mary to invade England, which they did and William became King William III while James II fled to France. -
The Glorious Revolution
In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown. He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance. James II fled to France and William became King William III. This Revolution was said to be Glorious because it wasn't violent, it helped to increase the liberties of citizens and it created a stable political system. -
Period: to
King William III and Queen Mary II
King William III and Queen Mary II were joint monarchs and were the first monarchs of the Constitutional Monarchy (the King acts as Head of state but his powers are limited by law) that was proclaimed after the Glorious Revolution. After their death, Mary's sister Anne became Queen. -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights of 1689 listed all of James II misdeeds. It also fixed limitations to the sovereign powers and set out the rights of Parliament. Moreover, it also set out basic Civil Rights. -
The Act of Settlement
The Act of Settlement ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs. -
Period: to
Queen Anne I
Queen Anne I was Queen Mary II's sister. She became Queen after her brother-in-law's death, and under her reign, England and Scotland became The United Kingdom of Great Britain. -
The Act of Union of 1707
The Act of Union of 1707 marked the creation of The United Kingdom of Great Britain (England + Scotland). The parliament of Scotland was dissolved but Scotland gained 45 seats in the House of Commons and 16 seats in the House of Lords. Scotland kept its Presbyterian church and own laws. -
Act of Union
Act voted by the Parliament in order to unit the Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland under the name of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.