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Eratosthenes was the first to calculate the earth's tilt on its axis.
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Ptolemy made one of the first star charts and made the earliest known table of trigonometric functions.
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Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model to the Renaissance world. This went against the dominant understanding of the solar system at the time.
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Brahe discovered a new star. This was significant because, at the time, people thought the heavens were fixed and perfect.
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Kepler discovered the three laws of planetary motion which were a huge step in understanding our solar system.
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Newton introduced the laws of motion and the equation for gravity that we still use today. He proved that the forces that govern how objects move in space are the same as the forces on the earth.
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Albert Einstein introduced a more comprehensive theory of gravity using geometry. This theory, known as General Relativity, explained astronomical phenomenon much better than Newton's theory before it.