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Oregon Dispute
-dispute become important geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American republic, after the War of 1812.
-1844 presidential election, ended the Oregon Question by annexing the entire area was a position adopted by the Democratic Party. -
Annexation of Texas
-Texas was annexed by the United States
-became the 28th state
-The annexation of Texas contributed to the coming of the Mexican-American War -
Manifest Destiny
-nineteenth-century idea
-Americans were destined to expand and into the West and cultivate and civilize the country from coast to coast -
Oregon Territory Treaty
-Oregon Treaty was signed between the US and Britain to settle the boundary dispute.
-treaty established the 49th parallel as the border between the two countries. -
Wilmot Proviso
-issued by Pennsylvania Democratic Congressman David Wilmot.
-prohibited the expansion of slavery into any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico from the Mexican-American War -
Mormon trek ends
-route taken by Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in what would become Utah -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-ended the war between the United States and Mexico
-Mexico ceded 55 % of its territory
-gave Mexicans the right to remain in United States territory or to move to Mexico(people could choose to retain Mexican citizenship or become citizens of the United States) -
Seneca Falls Convention
-the first women's rights convention in the United States.
-Held in Seneca Falls, New York
-launched the women's suffrage movement -
California Gold Rush
-Gold was discovered in California
-many rushed to California seeking fortune -
Compromise of 1850
-it admitted California as a free state
-Attempts to keep the dived between free and the slave trade equal -
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
-Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
-Showed northerners the horrors of slavery
-contributed to the start of the Civil War. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-repealed the Missouri Compromise
-gave Kansas and Nebraska the freedom to choose whether they enter a free or slave state -
Sumner—Brooks Affair
-denounced the South for crimes against Kansas
-singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse
-Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. -
Bleeding Kansas
-civil war within Kansas on if they enter the union a slave or free state -
Dred Scott Decision
-Supreme Court ruled that having lived in a free state and territory did not entitle an enslaved person(Dred Scott) to his freedom.
-the decision argued that, as some one's property, Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in a federal court -
John Brown’s Raid in Harper’s Ferry
-John Brown leads a small group on a raid against a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia
-in an attempt to start an armed revolt of enslaved people and destroy the institution of slavery -
Lincoln elected
-Election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States just before the Civil War
-His election served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the Civil War -
South Carolina secedes
-South Carolina became the first state to secede from the federal
-The secession of South Carolina precipitated the outbreak of the American Civil War in Charleston Harbor -
Crittenden Compromise
-included six proposed constitutional amendments and four proposed Congressional resolutions
-Crittenden hoped would appease Southern states and help the nation avoid civil war -
Fort Sumter
-located in Charleston Harbor, SC.
-Battle of Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the civil war were fired.
-Once the Confederate took control of Charleston Harbor, they soon aimed coastal guns on the fort and fired. -
Homestead Act
-federal law promoting the westward expansion
-by allotting 160 acres of free public land to individual settlers. -
Emancipation Proclamation
-The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
-led the way to total abolition of slavery in the United States
-the aim of the war changed to include the freeing of slaves in addition to preserving the Union. -
Battle of Gettysburg
-Civil War battle in Pennsylvania.
-ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. -
Copperheads
-any citizen in the North who opposed the war policy
-advocated the restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South. -
Battle of Vicksburg
-decisive Union victory during the American Civil War
-divided the confederacy and cemented the reputation of Union General Ulysses S. Grant -
Sherman’s March to the Sea
-purpose was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause.
-Sherman's soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. -
Transcontinental Railroad Act
-government increased the land grants from 10 to 20 miles, issued loan money faster, and allowed the companies to keep any timber or minerals, such as coal, found during construction.
-The railroads were also able to raise cash by selling their own bonds. -
Indian Massacre at Sand Creek, Colorado
-The causes were rooted in the long conflict for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado
-the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 guaranteed ownership of the area north of the Arkansas River to the Nebraska border to the Cheyenne and Arapahoe.
-soldiers commanded by Colonel John M. Chivington attacked a village of about 750 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians along Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado Territory. Using small arms and howitzer fire, the troops drove the people out of their camp. -
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
-In Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Robert E. Lee surrenders his 28,000 Confederate troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant
-effectively ending the American Civil War. -
Freedmen’s Bureau
-Freedmen and Abandoned Lands
-established by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. -
Black Codes
-restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans
-Slavery under a different name -
Reconstruction Acts (military)
-outlined the terms for readmission to the representation of former confederates states.
-The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts. -
Andrew Johnson Impeached
-his policies failed to promote the rights of Freedmen.
-He was much disliked by Republicans.
-He was impeached by the House of Representatives but the impeachment failed in the Senate by 1 vote. He was the first president to be impeached. -
Knights of Labor Founded
-The Knights pressed for the eight-hour workday for laborers
-embraced a vision of a society in which workers, not capitalists, would own the industries in which they labored.
-sought to end child labor and convict labor. -
Standard Oil Founded
-founded in Clevland Ohio
-Standard started acquiring new oil pipeline networks.
-Rockefeller monopolized standered oil -
Tweed Ring Exposed
-symbol of Gilded Age corruption,
-"Boss" Tweed ran the New York City Democratic Party in the 1860s
-swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying.
-Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars. -
Ku Klux Klan Act
-empowered the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to combat the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacy organizations. -
Credit Mobilier Exposed
-illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad
-symbol of post-Civil War corruption.
-damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
-Native American forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of General George Armstrong Custer
-proved to be the height of Native American power during the 19th century.
- the worst U.S. Army defeat during the Plains Wars. -
Rutherford B. Hayes Elected
-Hayes's election depended upon contested electoral votes in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida.
-If all the disputed electoral votes went to Hayes, he would win; a single one would elect Tilden. -
Bland—Allison Act
-act of United States Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. -
Tuskegee Institute (Booker T. Washington)
-Washington was named as the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
-founded for the higher education of blacks
-He developed the college from the ground up, enlisting students in the construction of buildings, from classrooms to dormitories. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
-Meant to curb the influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States,
-suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization -
Social Darwinism
-belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
-A belief held by many stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. -
American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
-American Federation of Labor marked the beginning of a continuous large-scale labor movement in the United States.
-Samuel Gompers, first president of the American Federation of Labor. -
Dawes Severalty Act
-allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands
-Only the Native Americans who accepted the division of tribal lands were allowed to become US citizens -
Hull House (Jane Addams)
-Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago's poor, industrial west side
-the first settlement house in the United States
-The goal was for educated women to share all kinds of knowledge, from basic skills to arts and literature with poorer people in the neighborhood. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices.
-the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts.
-Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses. -
How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis)
-Jacob A. Riis was a journalist
-publicized the crises in housing, education, and poverty at the height of European immigration
-He attempted to alleviate the bad living conditions of poor people by exposing their living conditions to the middle and upper classes. -
Battle of Wounded Knee
-The massacre at Wounded Knee, during which soldiers of the US Army slaughtered hundreds of Sioux men, women, and children
-marked the definitive end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers. -
Populist Party Organized
-represented the "common man."
-It was created towards the end of the nineteenth century
-represented views of farmers in the West. -
Homestead Steel Strike
-workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa.
-to protest a proposed wage cut
-led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s. -
Pullman Strike
-non-violent strike
-led to the closure of the Western roads which took place against Pullman company
-resulted due to poor salaries and wages to workers.
-Pullman also had increased working hours where workers worked for long at low wages and also cut jobs. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal”
-Jim Crow legislation and separate public accommodations based on race became commonplace. -
Yellow Journalism
-style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts.
-one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States. -
Spanish American War
-conflict between Spain and America over territory in Latin America and the Far East.
-The war was caused by a mixture of Yellow Journalism and the Aspirations to spread American political and economic institutions. -
Teller Amendment
-an amendment declared that when the United States had overthrown the Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom -
Open Door Policy in China
-It called for the protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. -
Theodore Roosevelt becomes president (starts Progressive Era)
-Roosevelt took office as vice president in 1901 and assumed the presidency after McKinley was assassinated the following September.
-Theodore Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement -
Platt Amendment
-amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba
-gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean. -
Ford Motor Company Founded
-father of modern assembly lines
-pioneer in the manufacturing of affordable automobiles -
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
-stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers
-the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries. -
Niagara Movement (W.E.B. Du Bois)
-called for full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans
-notable contrast to the accommodation proposed by Booker T. Washington in the Atlanta Compromise of 1895.
-W.E.B. Du Bois. fought for immediate implementation of African American rights. -
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
-expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry.
-description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
-Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated foods and drugs
-ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs -
Meat Inspection Act
-prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock
-derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and processing of livestock. -
NAACP formed
-created by an interracial group consisting of W.E.B. Du Bois
-concerned with the challenges facing African Americans -
Dollar Diplomacy
-use of diplomacy to promote the United States' commercial interest and economic power abroad by guaranteeing loans made to strategically important foreign countries.
-To improve financial opportunities for US banking corporations. -
Bull Moose Party Formed
-formed by former president Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party -
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
-a piece of legislation passed by the U.S. Congress
-defines unethical business practices, such as price-fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor. -
U.S. Neutrality Proclaimed
-wanted the United States to stay out of the conflict,
-Woodrow Wilson's policy of strict and impartial neutrality. -
Birth of a Nation by. D.W. Griffith
-huge commercial success and profoundly influenced both the film industry and American culture.
-inspiration for the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan -
Sussex Pledge
-given in response to the sinking of a French passenger ship
-Germany promised that no attacks would be made on ships without warning.
-Germany quickly realized that such a pledge undermined the purpose of a submarine -
Keating-Owen Act (Federal Child Labor Law)
-banned;
-the sale of products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under the age of 14
-any mine that employed children under the age of 16,
-any facility that had children under the age of 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours during the day. -
US Declares war on Germany
-President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany.
-Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships(push to declare war) -
Bolshevik Revolution
-seized power and destroyed the tradition of csarist rule
-Nativism increased
-leading to Red Scare -
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
-proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress
-outled his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again. -
Worldwide Influenza Epidemic
-one-third of the world's population became infected with this virus.
-The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million
-675,000 occurring in the United States. -
League of Nations debated in US
-included foreign policy issues
-Motivated by Republican concerns that the League would commit the United States to an expensive organization that would reduce the United States' ability to defend its own interests
-Lodge led the opposition to join the League. -
Big Stick Diplomacy
-Theodore Roosevelt's policy in Latin America.
-refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy
"speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far."