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Steamboats
Boats that could easily paddle upstream, became vital part of America's transportation system. Robert Fulton sailed his steamboat, the Clermont, up the Hudson River. -
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1794. One of the major factors in the industial revolution, it caused a major increase of clothes production. -
Industrialization
the First Industrial Revolution unleashed new technologies and markets across America, leading to an expansion in the scope, size, and prosperity of the American economy. Socially, cities across the Northeast expanded dramatically as immigrants poured into America seeking economic opportunities. Additionally, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo expanded the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, allowing America to stretch continentally. -
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Context
The US developed more of its own democratic ideals. The Supreme Court established that the federal laws are higher than state laws along with the principle of judicial review. After the War of 1812, America developed a national culture where different religious and social movements formed. Industrialization was a major part of time period 4, it was an economic and technological revolution. Expansion with the Louisiana purchase increased trade (especially foreign) and the creation of new states. -
Barbary Pirates
For years the US fought a series of limited engagements with the North African kingdoms of Tunis, Tripoli, Algeria, and Morocco. The conflicts came to a crisis point with the 1803 seizure of the USS Philadelphia in Tripoli harbor. In 1804 Lt. William Eaton led a raid to burn the ship and to ransom of the captives. These maritime wars continued until 1816. -
Louisiana Purchase
In 1800, Spain secretly ceded the Louisiana Territory—the area stretching from Canada to the Gulf Coast and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains—to France, which then closed the port of New Orleans to American farmers. Jefferson, fearing that a French colonial empire in North America would block American expansion, sent negotiators to France with instructions to purchase New Orleans and as much of the Gulf Coast as they could for $10 million. -
Marbury v. Madison
establishes the right to Judicial Review by the Supreme Court; right to declare laws unconstitutional. -
Battle of Tippecanoe
Americans v. Shawnee Indians. led by governor William Henry Harrison, the Americans defeated the Shawnee's and Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory. -
War of 1812
The United States declared war against Britain in 1812 over interference with American shipping and impressment of American seamen. Historian Gordon Wood notes that Jefferson and Madison favored economic sanctions over war, which they feared would give leaders too much power. In fact, Wood says, when finally forced into war, Madison fought it “poorly” so as to not enhance the role of the president. This war continued until 1815 -
Battle of New Orleans
Unaware of a peace treaty signed two weeks earlier, General Andrew Jackson stopped a British attack at the Battle of New Orleans. The victory at New Orleans only added to Jackson’s reputation as a warrior earned through his leadership during the Indian wars. Jackson used his rough-and-ready background to great effect as he positioned himself as the first American statesmen not from the New England or Virginia planter elite. -
Tariff of 1816
- The Tariff of 1816 imposed a high tax on foreign goods to protect American industry after the War of 1812. Thomas Jefferson said of the war in 1815, “The interruption of our intercourse with England has rendered us one essential service in planting radically and firmly coarse manufacturers among us.”
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Second Bank of US
Proposed by Madison in 1816, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government, stabilized economy -
Era of Good Feelings
A period of history referring to the Presidency of James Monroe, where the bitter rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans ended. This era continued until 1824. -
Missouri Compromise
The battle to prevent the spread of slavery was led by a forgotten Founding Father, Rufus King. The group lost. The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30' N. except in Missouri, which was admitted to the Union as a slave state while Maine (until then part of Massachusetts) was admitted as a free state. -
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe announced what became known as the Monroe Doctrine. He declared the Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization and threatened to use force to stop further European interventions in the Americas. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century. The movement started around 1800, had begun to gain momentum by 1820, and was in decline by 1870. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. -
Tariff of 1828
Later called the Tariff of Abominations, the Tariff of 1828 increased the tax on imported manufactured goods. The law economically benefitted the North—New England in particular favored high tariffs—and injured the South, which believed that the tariff was unconstitutional -
Indian Removal Act
President Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized aggressive efforts to open Indian lands to whites and promised financial compensation to Indian tribes that agreed to resettle on lands west of the Mississippi River. Frontiersman Davy Crocket was no fan of Jackson the “Indian Fighter.” In a 1834 letter, he threatened to head out for Texas because the “land of liberty have almost Bowed to the yoke of of [sic] Bondage.” -
Nullification Crisis
South Carolina, with the support of Vice President John C. Calhoun, in protest of federal protective tariffs, adopted an Ordinance of Nullification declaring the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void in the state. President Jackson charged that the state was “on the brink of insurrection and treason.” He sent federal military forces to Charleston, but the crisis was resolved with the passage of Henry Clay’s compromise tariff bill in 1833. -
Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 began when state banks collapsed as a result of speculation and the issuance of paper money leading to inflation. Widespread economic distress and depression ensued for five years. -
Women's Rights Movement
women gained the political traction to begin the first wave of US feminism. Women who rallied for temperance, for example, highlighted their role as moral guardians of the home to advocate against intoxication. Some women argued for a much more expansive role—educating children and men in solid republican principles, like liberty and justice. Feminist appeals of the early 19th century drew heavily on religion, spurred by the spiritual revivals of the Second Great Awakening.
