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Henry VIII is one of the most emblematic monarcs of England with his six wives and the numerous changes he brought to religion. Indeed, he founded the English Church.
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The day the 95 Theses of Martin Luther were published. He pined the texte to the door of Wittenberg University. Thanks to the printed press, the theses spred all over Europe. -
William Tyndale translated the Bible, which was in Latin, into English for the people to understand, in accordance with the Protestant believes. Henry VIII allowed its distribiution in England in 1537. -
This act gave the King the power to annule marriages. After his demand to the Pope to annul his marriage and the negative response of the Pope, Henry gave himself the power to anul his own marriage. It struck controversy amongst cristianists since only the Pope or a clergyman was in the right to do that. It's the fist major shift in the religious history of England.
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This act, after the Act of Restraint of Appeals, gave Henry VIII the title of "Supreme Head of the Church of England". This is the final shift of the schism with the Roman Church. This schism was, however, gradual. -
Edward VI was the third child of Henry VIII ,his mother was Jane Seymore ,but also the only boy, after his half-sisters Mary and Elisabeth. He became King at nine and died at 15 of tuberculosis. He was a fervent protestant and installed measures that pushed England toward Protestantism.
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The revision of the mass book happened under the rein of Edward VI. It has been called the Book of Common Prayers and was a part of the measures Edward took during his reain, along with the eradication of the Roman Catholic practices, the possibilty of marriage for the clergy and the mass in English. -
These laws froced the central and local government to help the poor. However they also created deeper social distinctions ("deserving" poors and "non-deserving" poors)
These laws were passed down up until the 19th century. -
Mary I was the first child of Henry VIII, whom he had with his first wife Catherine of Aragon
She is the first Queen to rein and took her functions at the age of 37. She was dispised by the people since she restored Catholicism in 18 months, but by violent means and she was married to a king of Spain.
She was nicknamed Bloody Mary because of how many protestant she sent to the stake (200).
Her death was eclaimed by the people. -
Elizabeth I was the daughter of Anne Boleyn. She became queen at 25 and remained unmarried until the end of her reign. She also needed to prove her legetimacy as the Queen of England and Scotland.
She is an important monarc since she stabilized the Church, expanded England's influence. Her reign is considered to be the Golden Age of the Country. -
Elizabeth I re-established her father's act of Supremacy after Mary. So with it she abolished the authority of the Pope and became "Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
with the Act of Uniformity she demanded the compolsory use of the Book of Common Prayers, and fined those who did not attend Anglican services. -
Those articles or doctrines stated the believes and teach of the Anglican Church.
This is still in use nowadays. -
The Pope Pius V excommunicated the Queen, it was the equivalent as an attack to the Queen.
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Pope Pius V wrote a bull that critisized Elizabeth, and accused her of not being the legitimate Queen of England. This bull could be interpreted as a vengeance after Elizabeth repressed catholicism. The intended audience was the catholics in England but also the Queen herself.
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Francis Drake was the first man to travel around the world
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In 1581, rules were set up to paint the Queen's portrait.
Those portraits were important in the creation of the Elizabethan myth. They show the power and the grandeur of the Queen, use cryptical symbolism.
Besides paintings, a lot of things were created to support this myth: jewelry(cameos), coins, ceremonies, Royal summer progress. -
This act permitted the death penalty for anyone who practised or wanted to convert to the catholic religion.
Those who did not attend Anglican services were fined £20 per month. -
Mary was Elizabeth cousin, and direct heiress to the throne. She was extremely influantial: she was the widow of Francis the II. She was also a fervent catholic thus she represented hope to the catholics.
Elizabeth considered her as a threat and chose to imprison Mary. After 19 years of being detained, Mary has been beheaded in a red dress, the color of catholics martyrs. -
Philip II wanted Engalnd to restore catholicism and Mary of Scotts on the throne so he tried to invade Spain with his most powerful armada, "The Invicible Armada".
However, England was advantaged materialy, humanly and the weather seemed to be in their favor too.
This victory for England had an important ideological and political effect: enhenced the idea that Elizabeth was extraordinary, a national cohesion and a famous fleet. -
Before going to the battle ground with her troops, Elizabeth made a speech that tackles the allegation that a female monarch was less legitimate to the throne. -
This was a compagny that managed several trading post in Asia.
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After Elizabeth I died, the son of Mary Stuart became king.
There was a lot of commotion during his rein : wars, financial dept and conflicts with Parliament.
When he died, he left a dept of £1 million to his son due to the war costs and his way to spend too much money. -
James I was a fervent Protestant and decided to keep the Anglican church. However, Catholics, how placed high hopes in him, did not agree. So they decided they would blow up the parliament to kill James I.
They put gun powder barrels in a caves under the parliament. But they were unmasked and sentenced to a traitors death. -
The first colonie in North America was named Virginia, after the nickname of Elizabeth I, The Virgin Queen. -
It was established in Virginia and its population nearly completly died after a period of drought and famine. -
James I introduced a new Bible, translated into English -
This war started under James I and ended with Charles I.
The war was because The Emperor Ferdinand Habsburg sent an army to protest against the decision that the Elector Palatine, James I son-in-law, was to take the throne in Bohemia.
James I in support to his son-in-law sent an army and was supported by many countries.
This war was costly, so James summoned a Parliament to have money in 1621. -
The Parliament decided to publish a pamphlet that reminded the King that the power of Parliament existed by right, thus was not a gift from the King.
James got mad and disolved the Parliement -
Charles I or Stuart was the son of James I. He got married with The catholic French princess Henrietta Maria. He delt with the dept, the tensions with Parliament and the war his father couldn't take care of.
He had a bad temper, considering all criticism as an insult to his authority.
He died by being beheaded after many disagreements with the Members of Parliament. -
This paper was handed to the King after the period called the Personal Rule that went on for 11 years.
This petition told the king that what he did during those 11 years was illegal since it was the Parliament's job. It also threatened Lord Buckinham, Charles best friend and advisor, who was not popular after the 30 years war, of impeachement.
Charles signed the paper relucantly because he needed the money but still disolved the Parliament. -
The Three Resolutions was a pamphlet published by the Parliament to protect the Anglican Church from Catholicism and Armenians.
This was an open act of defiance against the King and the members who tok part in the paper were imprisoned.
Charles disolved Parliament and declared he won't be needing any other Parliament. -
During those eleven years, Charles ruled without any help from the Parliament. That caused him to do a lot of things on his own.
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This revision of the Book of Common Prayers was made by the Archbishops Laud. He was an arminian.
he wanted to impose uniformity in church practices. Except those reforms are really close to the Catholic ones, so many protestants were angry at them (the case of Burton, Prynne and Bastwich)
Laud showed it to the Scottish and they were shocked by those reforms. This caused the Bishops war between Scotland and England. -
After 11 years of being ignored by the King, the parliament was called again. They wanted to find a remedy to those 11 years of grievances and ensure a regular Parliament.
To do so the members of parliement passed 2 acts saying that Parliament shoud meet at least every 2 years and the dissolution of the Parliament required its consent. -
The Irish people decided to revolt against the plantation policy of James I, protestants were to take the land of Irish catholics. During this rebellion they killed 3000 to 4000 protestants. Those massacres fulled the anti-catholics sentiment in England, but also because of many false rumors. -
This document voted by Parliament listed all of Charles I wrong doings and proposed "revolutionnary demands".
This document separated the Parliament in two groups: the parliamentarians, in favor of this document, and the royalists, in favor of the King.
Charles I wanted to arrest 5 parliament members, leaders of opposition, but it was refused. So he decided to go and arrest them with a troop, on January 26th.
This was see as a declaration of war. -
The civil war happened in two times.
First, it opposed the King and the royalists to the parliamentarians. This first civil war caused the lives of 190000 soldiers and went on for 4 years. The King lost due to weaknesses in their finances, alliances, and their army.
The second part went on for 6 months and was caused by a rebelion of the New Model Army, created by the parliamentarians.
It ended with Charles beheadedment. -
After being captured and detained by the New Model Army, the King escaped and searched for an allaince with the Scots, in exchange of a return to a return to protestantism. -
This is the first period of the inter regnum.
After the regicide of Charles I, that shocked many in England and in Europe, a law abolishing monarchy was voted. From this point on, England was reigned as a Republic, the House of Commons having the supreme authority.
But it was a failure since the parliement was considered to slow to apply reforms and repressed internal critics. Afterwards the general Cromwell took power. -
The Pariamnet was devided regarding what will happen of the King. The Army wanted to put the King to trial and 45 royalists wanted to negociate. However they were arrested during the Pride's Purge.
The members left decided to put the king on trial for high treason.
That led to Charles death.
In march 1649, the monarchy was abolished and England was declared a comonwealth. -
This is the firts and only written constitution. It protected the liberty of believes -
After being a commonwealth, Engalnd became a military dictatorship under the governement of Cromwell, the Lord Protector with the excutive power, helped by a parliament composed of 460 members electe every two years and a council of state who served for life.
After Cromwell's death his son took over for a short period of time. Then came a period of anarchy, which made the people long for a return to monarchy. -
Charles II broke his promises as soon as he was back in power : he executed the 100 people who had signed his father's death warrant, he exposed Cromwell's dead head on a spike for 25 years an tensions between the parliament and the King were still strong and repressive religious legislation were adopted (5 Miles Act).
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Charles' I son, Charles II was proclaimed son of Scotland but had to escape after is failure to invade England. He then came back and, in return of a return to monarchy, what the people long for, promised a general amnesty, to continue religious toleration and to share the power with the parliament. And everyone accpeted. -
This is one of the disasters Charles II.
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This fire that started in 1666 is supposebly what stopped the plague. But it destroyed hlf of London's buildings and archives. -
James II was remplaced on the throne by his son in law, William of Orange, after he succesfuly invaded England under the order of the Parliament.
This revolution is called glorious because there was no blood shed, the liberties of England subjects were reinforced and it helped the creation of a stable system. -
This bill listed James II wrong doings, fixed limits on the soverein's power, set out Parliament rights, set out basic civil rights. It is a key text for England's political constitution. -
William was succeded by Anne, who was the last Stuart monarch
