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THEORY OF EVOLUTION
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45theory of Darwin and Wallace
Darwin and Wallace could have developed their evolution 45theory if they had lived 150 years earlier. In those days, the cristianity ruled the world with its ideologies. For instance, the one in which God creates us and the world as his image and likeness. People weren´t open minded and this issue would be difficult to find an easy way to propose their theory. Eventhough, it could be more difficult, the species in the world will continued have physical characteristics and actitudinal behaviour. -
EVOLUTION
Evolution is the change of characteristics of different populations over time. The theory is used to explain the enormous diversity experienced on Earth. These changes occur with small mutations in genes, which are then passed onto offspring. Through natural selection, if the mutation gives some advantage, that individual survives to reproduce, and thus secures that change in the genetics of the population. -
CARL LINNAEUS. NEW NAMING SYSTEM
A Swedish botanist, physician and taxonomist. Linnaeus's contribution to the theory of evolution has two main features in naming and grouping organisms. The first is the use of binomial nomenclature. This means that an organism's scientific name is composed of two terms. These terms are the genus name (HOMO) and the species or epithet ( SAPIENS). The second feature simplifies organism classification. These are the categories: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & Species. -
FOSSILS
'Fossil' refers to the physical evidence of former life from a period of time to recorded human history, includes the fossilized remains of living organisms, impressions and moulds of their physical form, and marks created in the sediment by their activities. They can be the actual remains of a once living thing, such as bones or seeds or even traces of past events such as dinosaur footprints. Geologists can tell the age of a fossil through radiometric dating techniques. -
JAMES HUTTON- GEOLOGIC TIME & GRADUALISM
James Hutton, a Scottish scientist and physician, published a set of theories explaining the geology of the Earth, among them the concept of geologic time, and that the Earth gradually changes over time. He was a great observer of the world around him. Hutton came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example, molten material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and then eroded sediments are clean cleaned away. -
GRADUALISM OR GRADUAL CHANGE
In the 1790s, James Hutton had argued that the Earth was transformed not by unimaginable catastrophes but by imperceptibly slow changes, many of which we can see around us today. These changes are tiny, but with enough time they could produce vast changes. Hutton therefore argued that the Earth was vastly old a sort of perpetual-motion machine passing through regular cycles of destruction and rebuilding that made the planet suitable for mankind. -
GEORGES CUVIER- BIRTH OF PANTEOLOGY
He is well known for establishing extinction as a fact, being the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century also founded vertebrate paleontology. Fossil record. He analyzed anatomy of animals. Then, he used that knowledge to interpret fossils with unprecedented insight. Sometimes, even a few fragments of bones were enough for him to reconstruct the complete anatomy of a previously unknown species with singular accuracy. -
THOMAS MALTHUS- POPULATION STUDIES
In "Population," Thomas Malthus proposed that populations, both human and animal, grow at an exponential rate. That is, populations grow through repeated multiplication. At the same time, he stated that food supplies can only grow at an arithmetic rate. That is, food supplies grow through repeated addition. This means that populations will always grow far faster than the food required to support them. Malthus believed that so-called "positive checks" (such as plagues and starvation) and "prevent -
JEAN B. LAMARCK- FIRST THEORY OF EVOLUTION PUBLISHED
His theory involved two ideas:
1.A characteristic which is used more and more by an organism becomes bigger and stronger, and one that is not used eventually disappears. 2. Any feature of an organism that is improved through use is passed to its offspring.
He was the first to propose a mechanism by which the gradual change of species might take place. Also, he extended the definition of the change over time, saying that life started out simple and became more complex. -
CHARLES LYELL- UNIFORMITARIANISM
He was a geologist, who incorporated hutton´s gradualism into the theory uniformitarianism Lyell's version of geology came to be known as uniformitarianism, because of his fierce insistence that the processes that alter the Earth are uniform through time. Lyell viewed the history of Earth as being vast and directionless. -
UNIFORMITARIANISM
Uniformitarianism states that current geologic processes, occurring at the same rates observed today, account for all of earth's geological features. Geologists in the early 1800s were able to organize rock formations into a single colossal record of Earth's history. Mountains were built in catastrophic instants, and in the process whole groups of animals became extinct and were replaced by new species. -
CATASTROPHISM
Catastrophism is the idea that many of Earth’s crustal features (strata layers, erosion, polystrate fossils, etc) formed as a result of past cataclysmic activity. Buffon, and later the physicist Joseph Fourier, both claimed that the Earth had begun as a hot ball of molten rock and had been cooling through time. "Catastrophism," was attacked in 1830 by a British lawyer-turned-geologist named Charles Lyell. -
CHARLES DARWIN
His studies of specimens around the globe led him to formulate his theory of evolution and his views on the process of natural selection. Darwin noticed similarities among species along with variations based on specific locations, leading him to believe that they had gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to believe that species survived through "natural selection," where species where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing of their habitat thrived. -
ALFRED WALLACE
He was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings. He was considered the leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species. He contributes to the development of evolutionary theory besides being codiscoverer of natural selection.
