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Laissez Faire
The Laissez Faire,a French economic term meaning "allowed to" ,was a doctrine made in France. This doctrine suggested that the government should stay out of the private sphere. Meaning the government shall allow the people to do as they freely choose. In this case having the doctrine led to markets taking care of themselves, & having no regulations. Which was beneficial for businesses to make profits. But it also wasn't due to, too much money being loaned, & the way crisis would be dealt with. -
Spoils System
The Spoils System was introduced by Andrew Jackson after winning the 1828 presidential election. The spoils system was set up for the president to appoint civil servants to government jobs just because hes known them, trusts them & they've been loyal to him or his political party. Due to that, it didn't matter much if these individuals were educated or had experiences in a particular job. Therefore, people believed it wasn't fair & the Pendleton Act was created, making the system come to an end. -
John Deere
John Deere, an american blacksmith & manufacturer, was born on February 7, 1804. In 1837 John Deere invented a steel plow, which caused farming in the mid-west to become easier as it broke up the tough ground for crops & made plowing faster. He then continued to improve his plows until 1857. Later on by 1868, Deere & his partners incorporated, founding Deere & Company. Even though Deere died in 1886, his company is still up today & is known for machinery products that make things easier to do. -
Nativism
Nativism began due to the fact that Americans feared immigrants would take the jobs & impose their Roman Catholic beliefs in society, know as nativist. Nativism was a policy around migration but also dealing with social & economic issues on a daily life. This policy mainly favors native-born or long-term resident individuals in the U.S. at the expense of immigrants.This resulted in a widespread attitude that rejected immigrants or culture, & led to new laws being passed to restrict immigration. -
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process was invented by Henry Bessemer. It was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of strong steel at low prices. In this process of removing carbon & silicon from iron in a matter of minutes made it possible to product large quantities for use in manufacture of locomotives, steel rails, & girders for the construction of tall buildings & many other things. Not only was it beneficial but the Bessemer process also suffered from being too successful. -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Land Grant College Act was an act of the U.S. congress, which was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on July 2,1862. The act basically provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges & universities that taught agricultural, mechanical arts, & other subjects. The land that the states were granted each was about 300,000 acres for each member in congress. Due to this act, lives of many Americans were improved, & a major educational resource was established. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act was signed into a law in May 1862 by Abraham Lincoln. It was created by the Congress allowing settlement in the western United States. It gave any American, including free slaves, 160 acres of land ,if the land was improved for 5 years. The settlers that took advantage from it were landless farmers, former slaves, & single women. But this act was partially successful, due to farmers being bankrupt, & having railroad & real estate companies paying people to buy land for them. -
Blacklist
The blacklist was used by employers. It was a list of individuals who were excluded politically "undesirable" from the job market, because they had done misdeeds & were disliked by businesses. Due to them being on the list, they were refused jobs & were harassed by unions & businesses. The blacklist was used in the Civil War, especially as violence between labor & business escalated in the late 19th century. Due to the blacklist, there were many people suffering, because they couldn't get a job. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Transcontinental Railroad
The transcontinental railroad was a continuous railroad that was 1,776 miles long, which was made between the years of 1863 & 1869. The railroad had two corporations, the Union Pacific , which the built west & Central Pacific, which built East. Both of the corporations met in Promontory Point, Utah, in May 1869. The railroad was used for transportation of goods, making it faster & cheaper. For that reason the Transcontinental railroad revolutionized the American economy. -
John Rockefeller
John Rockefeller was an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, & philanthropist. He was considered the wealthiest American of all time, & the richest man in modern history. The reason for it was because he founded the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland in 1870. Rockefeller also donated more than half a billion dollars to various educational, religious & scientific causes. Such as, establishment of the University of Chicago & the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. -
Indian Appropriations Act
On March 3, 1871, the Indian Appropriations Act was passed. This law ended treaty making between tribes & the federal government. Native Americans were stripped of their power & their strength, because from that point on they were considered as individuals. This increased the power & authority of the government & was one more step toward dismantling the tribal way of life for Native Americans. The reason they passed the act was because they saw that Natives drew strength from their tribal ties. -
Mail-Order Catalogue
The Mail-Order Catalogues were an innovation which brought to isolated farmers the same opportunity to purchase goods from the largest companies as enjoyed in cities. The reason why catalogues were made was, because most of the nation lived in rural areas until 1920. But since department stores weren't in rural areas & the department owners wanted more customers they came up with catalogues & began selling more, because people ordered their products. One of the first catalogues made was Sears. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts. After teaching for fifteen years, she became active in temperance. Because she was a woman, she was not allowed to speak at temperance rallies.This experience led her to join the women's rights movement, next to Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She dedicated her life to woman suffrage and also campaigned for the abolition of slavery and advocated for women's labor organizations. She remained active until her death on March 13, 1906. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt was a self-made multimillionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century. He worked as a steamship captain, but went into business for himself in the late 1820s, & became one of the country’s largest steamship operators. In the process, he gained a reputation for being fiercely competitive & ruthless. In the 1860s, he shifted his focus to the railroad industry, where he built another empire & helped make railroad transportation more efficient. -
Red River War
The Red River War was between the U.S. Army & southern Plains Indians. The reason for the war was that the Southern plains Indians were upset over illegal white settlement & buffalo devastation, since buffalo's were being killed & not being used completely. Now because of that the Indians decided to attack the white settlements, but they ended up being defeated by the United States army. Due to them being defeated, white settlements decided to wipe out the native resistance on Southern plains. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of Little Big Horn was a battle between federal troops that were led by George Custer against Lakota Sioux & Cheyenne Warriors. The battle began due to the founding of gold in Native American lands, which of course the U.S. army wanted the Natives to leave. Which they were given a deadline to move to reservations, but missed it. Therefore, Custer decided to be a hero & chose to confront them,but due to underestimating the natives size ,Custer was outnumbered & that was his last stand. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a U.S. federal law singed by president Chester A. Arthur on May 6,1862. The law banned further immigration into the U.S.. But this law only applied to a certain ethnic group, which was the Chinese. With that being said all Chinese laborers weren't able to migrate to the U.S anymore. Due to the act the American economy suffered a great loss. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
The Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was created by a former scout & buffalo hunter named William Cody but known as Buffalo Bill. In the show he showed his audience a mythic way of the West. Meaning his shows dealt with Indian fights, cowboys, cattle drives, lassoing, & marksmanship. He would impress his audience with bringing former cowboys, sharpshooters, & Native Americans, including the Sitting Bull. Based on what was shown, many Americans viewed the West through this show even to this day. -
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act was brought about the assassination of James Garfield by a seeker who was angry about being unable to get a government job. Because of that questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs began. Therefore, the act provided Federal Government jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit & Government employees to be selected through competitive exams. Meaning that the system that was used by Andrew Jackson, Spoils system, had came to an end in 1883 by congress . -
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States & took over Knights of Labor. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread & butter issues" such as shorter workdays & higher wages for union members. Around 1904 they had 1.6 million members. It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO. -
Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Act was set up to call a break up for reservations for the Natives. It was intended to assimilate Natives into American Christian Society/white culture. Those who were assimilated were allowed to become U.S. citizens. They began to make Natives, farmers & landowners by giving them 160 acres to farm, but the lands weren't so good. Therefore, this act was a failure, due to poor farming, no hunting, & not fully giving the Natives what they were promised. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant whom was poor growing up. Due to all his hard work & investments he later became an entrepreneur, & business leader. Carnegie dedicated most of his time to the steel industry & had his own business, the Carnegie Steel Company. He revolutionized steel production in the United States, by using methods that made manufacturing steel easier. One of those methods was the Bessemer Process, which he was the first to invest. Therefore,he was known as man of steel. -
Sherman Anti-trust Act
The Sherman Anti-trust Act was made by John Sherman, & passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. The law was passed to prohibit monopolies, which were growing rapidly at the time. Although several states previously enacted similar laws, they limited to interstate commerce, but the Sherman Antitrust Act, was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Therefore, it was passed & it authorized the Federal Government to dissolve trusts. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism was a term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the late 19th, early 20th centuries. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism truths.Meaning that it is journalism that exaggerates news to create sensations & attract readers. Which newspaper owners, Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst, used to sell millions of newspapers. But, due to the writers exaggerating events it made people assume things & trigger them to have a war/disagreements. -
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Imperial America
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Populist/People's Party
The People's party, also known as the Populist party, was founded in 1891. It was a third party formed by members of the Farmer's alliance, which was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. It wrote a platform for the 1892 election calling for free coinage of silver & paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, & other government reforms to help farmers. Therefore, Democrats & republicans attacked them & they didn't perform so well. -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 was one of the worst in the U.S. history. In this time economy became more integrated & centralized. Meaning that banks, railroads & everyday business went downturn. Where there was also wage reductions & unemployment increasing. Many questioned laissez faire capitalism of the Coxey's army, they marched on Washington peacefully, protested capitalism & showed patriotism. During the late 19th century a conflict between labor & big business began, & Carnegie faced criticism. -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful Movement began in response to the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago. This was a movement of American urban-planning. It was led by architects, landscape architects, & reformers that flourished between the 1890s & the 1920s. The idea of organized urban planning arose in the United States claiming that design couldn't be separated from social issues & should encourage civic pride & engagement. Cities that influenced this where Cleveland, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. -
Pullman Strike
The Pullman Strike started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town," . It began when Pullman cut wages up to 40 percent. To support strikers, railroad employees refused to handle trains with Pullman cars. Therefore, Pullman refused to negotiate, secured an injunction under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act & President Cleveland sent troops to ensure that delivery of the US mails wasn't interrupted. Which then led the strike to collapse, due to troops involved & Debs in jail. -
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells was a daughter of two slaves. Shes mainly known for an american journalist, abolitionist & feminist. She was a women who was highly anti-lynching & attended a national tour to support it. As a result from that her newspaper office had been destroyed. She continued to speak out against lynching & also supported & became a part of civil rights groups & was a supporter of women's suffrage. She was also a funding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. -
Period: to
The Progressive Era
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Election of 1896
In the Election of 1896, the candidates were William McKinley for Republican's & William Jennings Bryan for Democrats. There was also the populist party who adopted free coinage of silver. William McKinley was for Gold standard, while on the other hand William Jennings was for free silver. So basically this was an election of gold vs silver, where gold symbolized the rich & silver symbolized the workers. The election then resulted with McKinley, the Republican party, winning 51% to 47%. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car designated "white patrons only." , which he was classified as an African-American. He was required to sit in the "colored" car, but he refused to leave the car & move to the colored car, then was arrested & jailed. The judge, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies as long as they operated within state boundaries. As a result, the idea of segregation was legal as long as facilities were of equal quality. -
Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration of about 100,000 people prospecting to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between the years of 1896-1899. The reason for the migration was due to the founding of Gold along the Klondike River, which many people wanted some. But due to weather conditions & mountains the journey was difficult, where some people died in the journey. Ending with 30,000 arriving & having to deal with the difficulties of mining now & only a few finding Gold. -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris of 1989 was the ending of the Spanish-American War. The treaty was an agreement that involved Spain giving up all of the remaining Spanish Empire. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Basically American negotiaters had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. Which led The Spanish to accept the Americans terms. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
The Battle of San Juan Hill, a U.S. battle which occurred a month after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. Spanish fleet docked in the Santiago de Cuba harbor after racing across the Atlantic from Spain. In June, the U.S. Army Fifth Corps landed on Cuba launching a coordinated land & sea assault on the Spanish stronghold. Included in the U.S. troops were the Rough Riders,led by Roosevelt, a collection of Western cowboys, whom defeated greatly outnumbered Spanish forces at San Juan Hill. -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy is a U.S. foreign policy towards China, issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899. The reason for it was because, during the late 1800s & early 1900s., all European countries wanted to establish control over China. The American solution for it was the Open Door Policy, which basically stated that the best way to avoid conflict over China was to keep it an open market for all countries. In other words China's door open trade from all countries due to the policy. -
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, also known as The Boxer Uprising which was formed in response to both foreign & domestic international tensions. It was the popular peasant uprising in China that blamed foreign people, & institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries. The Rebellion eventually ended in 1901 as the Japanese & Western powers created a force to deal with the rebellion. -
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy was a diplomatic policy, which was developed by Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt had big stick, where it symbolized his power & readiness to use the military force if necessary. It was basically a way of intimidating other countries without actually harming them. It was also the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. An example was when in Latin America & the Caribbean, Roosevelt enacted the Big Stick policy to police the small debtor nations that had unstable governments. -
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was introduced by Connecticut Senator Orville Platt in March, 1901. The amendment ceded to the U.S. the naval base in Cuba , ensured U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs when the U.S. deemed necessary, & prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with any country other than the United States. Abrogated in 1934, but retained its lease on Guantánamo Bay. Later on by 1934 the Amendment was repealed as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America. -
Roosevelt Corollary
Since the Monroe Doctrine blocked further expansion of Europe in the Western Hemisphere, Roosevelt decided to make the Roosevelt Corollary. Which stated that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South & Central America by using military force. Therefore, Europe was to remain across the Atlantic, while America would police the Western Hemisphere. Which the policy was first enforced in 1905, when Dominican Republic was in jeopardy by European debt collectors. -
Theodore Rossevelt
Theodore Roosevelt was an American statesman & writer who served as the 26th president of the U.S. from 1901, after the assassination of William Mickenly. Roosevelt confronted the bitter struggle between management & labor head-on & became known as the great “trust buster” for his efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. He also won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War & spearheaded the beginning of construction Panama Canal. -
Meat Inspection Act
The Meat Inspection Act was signed by president Roosevelt. This act prohibited the sale of misbranded livestock & products & made sure that livestocks were slaughtered & processed under sanitary conditions. It demanded that products, any type of meat, shall be inspected before & after being processed for human consumption. The reason why this law was made was due to a book, "The Jungle" , which showed the reality of the food industry, where there was rotten meat, severed fingers & rat feces. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company. It all began with him building his first gasoline-powered horseless carriage, behind his home. He then established his own company, Ford Motor Company, & came up with his first car, Model T. In order to meet overwhelming demand for the revolutionary vehicle, he introduced new mass-production methods, including large production plants, the use of standardized, interchangeable parts & the world’s first moving assembly line for cars. -
Gentlemen's Agreement
The Gentlemen's Agreement was an agreement between the United States & Japan in 1907-1908, which was represented by Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. But on February 24, the Agreement with Japan was concluded in form of a Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers trying to enter the U.S. & recognizing the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports originally issued for other countries. -
Muller v. Oregon
In the case of Muller v. Oregon was a case where they were trying to solve the issue if a state law setting a maximum workday for women constitutional. Attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's bodies. Which he got them to accept & the victory had the benefit of protecting women workers, but because of its argument, closed some jobs to women. -
Dollar Diplomacy
The Dollar Diplomacy was created by William Taft & Philander Knox, it was a policy from 1909-1913. It was made to insure the financial stability of a region while protecting & extending the U.S. commercial & financial interests. They attempted using the policy but it wasn't so successful. Due to attempting it in China, it failed from a simplistic assessment & led to the abandoning of the policy in 1912. Therefore, when Woodrow Wilson became president he separated from the Dollar Diplomacy. -
Election of 1912
In the election of 1912 the candidates were Woodrow Wilson for Democratic party, Theodore Roosevelt for Progressive, William H. Taft for Republican & Eugene Debs for socialist. Unfortunately Taft did not live up to Roosevelt's expectations & upon to Roosevelt's return in the election of 1912, he sought the Republican nomination only to have it denied. In response Roosevelt organized his Progressive Party, Bull Moose party. But as a result of this election, Woodrow Wilson wins & cuts tariffs. -
17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment was passed & ratified by congress. It was made to solve the problem of having senators pay their way into office. Meaning that due to state legislatures being corrupted at the time, they would accept money from those who asked to be put into office. Which this amendment changed the Constitution, by allowing voters, not state legislators, to appoint Senators to congress. Which meant senators would be freely elected by regular voters & senators will serve a six-year term. -
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal was an artificial waterway with a system of locks, that was made to have a shorter route between Caribbean & Pacific Ocean. It was owned by Columbia, but Theodore Roosevelt purchased the right to build it, which Columbia resisted. The construction of the canal took 10 years to build.Through out those years there were disease carrying mosquitos. Meaning that workers were affected by the diseases, but even then they continued to work on the canal, which was then destroyed by WW1. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assasination
The Archduke Ferdinand Assassination is an event that is known to have sparked the outbreak of World War I. Archduke traveled to Sarajevo to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia & Herzegovina. He was touring in an open car, which was bombed, but it rolled off the back of the car & it wounded an officer & some bystanders. Archduke went to visit the injured officer, the archduke’s driver took a wrong turn, which Gavrilo Princip happened to be there & took the opportunity to shoot Archduke. -
Period: to
World War 1
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Robber Barons
Robber Barons were greedy capitalist that grew rich by shady business practices. They monopolized huge industries through formation of trusts, engaging in unethical business practices, exploiting workers, & paying little heed to their customers or competition. These capitalist basically robed people legally & did organized crimes.The robber barons also transformed the wealth of the American frontier into vast financial empires, amassing their fortunes by monopolizing essential industries. -
RMS Lusitania
The RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner that operated during the early 20th century. It was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7,1915. When the ship sank there were Americans on board, which 1200 people from the ship had died & 128 of them were Americans. America had got mad due to the fact that Germans caused the sinking of the ship. They made the Germans pay for reparations of the ship. As they asked that from the Germans, the Germans asked to stop having weapons on board & thy ceased attacks. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington was a prominent black American, whom was born into slavery. He was a leader of the late 19th & early 20th centuries. He believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society. He was also head & founder of the Tuskegee & Industrial Institute in 1881. Not only that but he was an educator & had a major influence on southern race relations & was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was basically the relocation of about 7 million African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North, Midwest & West, which occurred from 1916 to 1970. The reason for the migration was, because southerners wanted to escape segregation/Jim Crow, starvation & believed things were better in the North. The cause for migration also included decreasing cotton prices, lack of immigrant workers in the North, manufacturing increasing due to war, the strengthening of the KKK. -
Sussex Pledge
The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916. They had promised not to target/sink passenger ships without warning. They did this due to passenger safety, but they needed evidence that the ships didn't have weapons boarded. Therefore, the Germans had spies to see what was loaded on the ship since the U.S. was supplying. At one point, Germans violated their promise, they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Leading Wilson to threaten to break diplomatic relations. -
Zimmermann Telegram
The Zimmermann Telegram was a message from the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman. The telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917. It proposed a military alliance between Germany & Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. Also convinced Japan to attack American colonies to distract America. But then the British intercept the telegram & America wanted war, which Wilson then asked for it. -
American Expeditionary Force
American Expeditionary Force were the fighting men of the United States Army during World War 1. It was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of General John J. Pershing. During the United States campaigns in World War I it fought alongside the French Army, British Army, Canadian Army and Australian Army on the Western Front, against the German Empire. They also helped in many other battles. But there was a point to were they became disabanded, which was on August 31,1920. -
Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, the deadliest in history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and killed an estimated 20M- 50M victims. The 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain. Citizens were ordered to wear masks, schools, theaters and businesses were shuttered and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues before the virus ended its deadly global march. -
Sedition Act
The Sedition Act was signed into law by Woodrow Wilson. This was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech & the expression of opinion that cast the government. It was basically a law that if you write, speak disloyal information or say anything bad about the U.S. you would be imprisoned. Which this law was used against socialists & communists. This law was then repealed on December 13,1920. -
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson served in office from led America through World War I.Wilson is often ranked by historians as one of the nation’s greatest presidents. Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but ultimately called on Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917.After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations.Although the Senate rejected U.S. membership in the League,Wilson received the Nobel Prize for his peacemaking efforts. -
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act was passed on October 28,1919, over president Woodrow Wilson's veto. The Volstead act provided for the enforcement of prohibition, which basically it was meant to carry out the intent of the 18th amendment. Therefore, the act specified that no one shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, (etc.) any intoxicating liquor. Which the act was basically a failure due to the fact that people still consumed alcohol, because the law wasn't ensured very strong. -
18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1920, prohibited the manufacture, transportation, & sale of intoxicating liquors. Meaning that drinking alcohol wasn't completely illegal, it just couldn't be sold. In that case people would have it homemade. Due to the amount of drinking & crimes this law was passed, but it failed, especially to the elimination of crime. It actually led to higher number of organized crimes & having people secretly drink alcohol. Therefore, it was repealed by the 21st amendment. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920. It was created due to long struggles for women,also known as the women suffrage movement. In this movement, women were denied of some basic rights that men had. They were actually expected to do housework & motherhood rather than politics. For that reason women would speak up for what they believed in. Which then led to this amendment granting women the right to finally vote, & prohibiting any U.S. citizen to be denied the right toot based on sex. -
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization formed in 1920. It was set up to promote the Treaty of Versailles & other cooperation & peace among nations. In this organization leaders of nations came to talk about issues to come up with solutions. But even though Woodrow Wilson put a lot of work into the League, America never joined due to suffering casualties in war. Also the league resulted in failure of maintaining peace in the world, & the whole world was involved at a war in 1939. -
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1920's
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Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a time period caused by a combination of the Great Migration during the end of World War 1,1918 to the beginning of the Great Depression, 1929. This time period is mainly known for the fact that it was a moment where white Americans began recognizing contributions of African Americans in art, music, literature & culture. Due to them being noticed there were a few that became well-known for music, art,& literature, because through these things they showed their culture. -
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 was signed by president Calvin Coolidge in May 1924. The act provided the quota for immigrants entering the U.S. was set at two percent of the total of any given nation`s residents in the U.S. as reported in the 1890 census & after July 1, 1927, the 2% rule was to be replaced by an overall cap of 150,000 immigrants annually & quotas determined by "national origins" as revealed in the 1920 census. Then in 1965, the Hart-Cellar Act abolished the Immigration Act. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
The American Indian Citizenship Act was proposed by Homer P. Snyder. It was then granted by the congress & signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2,1924. This act legally gave Native Americans citizenship to Native Americans that were born in the U.S., but even then some Natives that were now citizens still weren't allowed vote. The reason for it was due to the fact that the rights to vote were governed by the state law. They weren't able to fully vote until around the 1940s. -
Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong, was born in 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana. An all-star virtuoso,came to prominence in the 1920s, influencing countless musicians with both his daring trumpet style and unique vocals. Armstrong was a trumpeter, bandleader, singer, soloist, film star and comedian.Considered one of the most influential artists in jazz history, he is known for songs like "Star Dust," and "La Vie En Rose". As a trumpeter and vocalist he is widely recognized today,and will continue to be for decades. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called “Monkey Trial” begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. The law made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to “teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.”In 1927, the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned the Monkey Trial verdict on a technicality. -
Charles Lindberg
Charles Lindberg is mainly known for being the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean in an airplane, non-stop. The name of his plane was the Spirit of St.Louis, which in the plane he just took a flashlight, rubber raft,wiker chair, water, & sandwiches. Also in his plane he didn't have a radio nor a radar, but he still managed to fly non-stop from NYC to Paris in May 1927. He traveled 3,610 miles under 33.5 hours, without sleeping for 55 hours. Due to his flight planes became popular & humorous. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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Hoovervilles
During the Great Depression shantytowns began to appear across the U.S. as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. As the Depression worsened, causing hardships for many Americans, many looked to the federal government for assistance. Since the government failed to provide relief, Herbert Hoover was blamed for the economic & social conditions. The shantytowns that cropped up across the nation became known as Hoovervilles. Then in early 1940s, most remaining Hoovervilles were torn down. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover, America’s 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his predecessors’ policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis,Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people.He failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it. As a result, Hoover was soundly defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. -
Election of 1932
The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country. President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse. Franklin D. Roosevelt used what he called Hoover's failure to deal with these problems as a platform for his own election, promising reform in his policy called the New Deal. Roosevelt won by a landslide. -
21st Amendment
The 21st amendment was made to repeal the 18th amendment. The reason why the 18th amendment was repealed was due to the fact that it didn't really work, because of many reasons. One of the main reasons was not enforcing the law strictly, meaning officers/agents were actually bribed & would accept the bribes, because they weren't paid enough. Due to that agents/officers decided to begin organized crimes. Therefore, the 21st amendment was necessary & it ended national prohibition. -
Huey Long
Huey Long was a powerful Louisiana governor and U.S. senator. He rose through the ranks of the Louisiana government to take over the state’s top post in 1928. Long dominated virtually every governing institution within Louisiana, using that power to expand programs for underdeveloped infrastructure and social services. Long had launched his own national political organization and was prepared to run for the presidency when he was killed by the son-in-law of a political opponent. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is an amendment that sets the dates at which federal government elected offices end. This amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933.It fixed a much earlier date for presidential inaugurations. The Twentieth Amendment met with very little opposition. It was passed by Congress on March 2, 1932, and was finally ratified on January 23, 1933. The first presidential term it applied to was when Franklin D. Roosevelt succeeded himself as President on January 20, 1937. -
New Deal
New Deal, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, finance, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government’s activities. The term was taken from Roosevelt’s speech accepting the Democratic nomination for the presidency. It opposed to the American political philosophy of laissez-faire. American voters the following November overwhelmingly voted in favor of the Democratic promise of a “new deal” for the “forgotten man.” -
First 100 days
The first 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency began on March 4, 1933, which was also the day Roosevelt was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States. During this time period, he presented a series of initiatives to Congress designed to counter the effects of the Great Depression. Roosevelt's goals were getting Americans back to work, protecting their savings & create prosperity, providing relief for the sick & elderly, & getting industry & agriculture back on their feet. -
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. Hitler’s virulent anti-Semitism and obsessive pursuit of supremacy fueled the murder of some 6M Jews, along with other victims of the Holocaust. After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Overproduction
By 1929 stores & warehouses in America were bulging with goods. Between 1923 & 1929 worker output of manufactured goods increased by 32 percent. Assembly lines & new machinery boosted production. As manufacturers saw it, the more goods produced & sold, the more profit there was to be had. But there was a point were buying slowed down. Manufacturers had overproduced, were goods sat on shelves in warehouses & stores. Due to overproduction stock markets crashed & it was a cause of Great Depression. -
Concentration Camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War. The first Nazi camps were erected in Germany in March 1933 immediately after Hitler became Chancellor and his Nazi Party was given control of the police by Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick and Prussian Acting Interior Minister Hermann Göring. Used to hold and torture political opponents and union organizers, the camps initially held around 45,000 prisoners. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the U.S. president from 1933-1945, was a leader in her own right and involved in numerous humanitarian causes throughout her life. She married Franklin Roosevelt, her fifth cousin once removed, in 1905. In the White House, she was one of the most active first ladies in history and worked for political, racial and social justice. She remained active in Democratic causes and was a prolific writer until her death at age 78. -
Holocaust
In 1945, The Holocaust was the horrible mass murder of some 6 million European Jews by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, Hitler’s “final solution”–now known as the Holocaust–came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland. -
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World War 2
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Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu,Hawaii, and was the scene of a surprise attack by Japanese forces on Dec. 7, 1941. Just before 8 a.m. on that morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault,President Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
Battle of the Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II,running from 1939 to defeat Germany in 1945.The battle lasted over 5 years and 8 months from September 3,1939 to May 8, 1945.The early battles in the Atlantic heavily favored the German. They used their submarines to sneak up on British ships ans sink them with torpedoes. The Allies didn't know what to do and lost a lot of ships over the first few years of the war. -
Battle of the Bulge
The Battle of Bulge was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War 2. The point of this battle was that the Germans were trying to push their way up to the North Sea at such Belgians ports as Antwerp. Once they arrived, they noticed that allied forces would be cut in half & wouldn't be able to coordinate to defeat Germany. At this point , Hitler thought about negotiating a peace treaty, but the Germans lost so their last hope was gone & they had to surrender. -
D-Day
During World War II, the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1945 resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. The battle began on June 6, 1944,also known as D-Day, when 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as the 32nd president in 1932. Since the country had entered the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking to the public in a series of radio broadcasts. Reelected by in 1936, 1940 and 1944, FDR led the United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in WWII. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945. -
Soviet Union
Under the code name "Barbarossa", Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22,1941,in the largest ,military operation of World War II.Adolf Hitler had always regarded the German-Soviet nonaggression pact,In July 1940,just weeks after the German conquest of conquest of France and low countries,Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union within the following year.On December 18,1940 he signed Directive 21 (Operation Barbarossa),the first operational order for the invasion of the Soviet Union. -
Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation & natural selection gave rise to new species. This theory of natural selection & "survival of the fittest" was applied to human society. Meaning that the poor are poor, because they are not as fit to survive. Meanwhile the rich were fit,because they're known to be intelligent, strong, & adaptable. Therefore, this was used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
