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The Seven Years' War
Was a far-reaching conflict between European powers that lasted from 1756 to 1763. France, Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and Russia were aligned on one side, and they fought Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain on the other -
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The french revolution
French Revolution, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. -
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bsolute monarchies
It was a characteristic political regime of the transition stage between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age in Western Europe. Specifically, it takes place between the 19th and 20th centuries. -
The publishing of Lyrical Ballads
By William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This was one of the first collections of poems that strayed from the more formal poetic diction of the Neoclassical Period. -
Napoleon's surgeon, Baron Larrey, develops painless amputation
There is no question that Baron Larrey was the first modern military surgeon. The high morale of Napolean's troops, which contributed to the success of his armies, was in a major way dependent on Larrey's superb medical care of the wounded. It was Napoleon's brilliance to recognize this and to give Larrey free rein. -
Marc Brunel invents a tunnelling shield, making subaqueous tunnelling possible.
The tunnel was completed in 1843 but was used only for pedestrian traffic until the 1860s, when it was converted to railway use. It originally measured 366 metres in length; its cross section measured 7 by 11 metres. In 1913 the tunnel was put to use as part of the London Underground (Tube, or subway). It underwent refurbishment in the late 1990s and then closed again in 2007 for the East London Line extension. It reopened in 2010 as part of the London Overground rail system. -
The Great Reform Act
The Tory Prime Minister in 1830, Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington, was resolutely opposed to parliamentary reform. However, there was growing support for limited change within his party, primarily because partially extending the franchise would allow the wealth and influence of Britain's growing middle class to be exploited. -
The Panic
A major financial crisis of the 19th century, began in New York City. -
The Industrial Revolution
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 19th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
He was one of the founders of the romantic movement in music, that his works influenced most of the romantic composers and that they constituted the models before which nineteenth-century romanticism calibrated its achievements and failures.