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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Famous poet during the Romantic era, helped shape romanticism. Wrote: poetry, dramas, an autobiography, books about literature, 4 novels, and scientific books on anatomy, botany, and color -
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Luigi Cherubini
Italian composer who wrote the French opera titled Lodoïska. Became the director of the Paris Conservatoire in 1822. -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
A German composer and pianist. His works span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music. -
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Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
Chancellor of Austria. Hosted the Congress of Vienna and was instrumental in shaping social activities. The social activities fueled two new musical genres: the character piece and the Lied (song) -
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Carl Maria von Weber
Composed the first German romantic opera “Der Freischütz” (The Magic Bullet, 1819-21) -
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Giacomo Meyerbeer
Jewish German composer who studied in Italy and composed French opera in Paris. Known primarily for grand opéras -
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Gioacchino Rossini
The most important opera composer in the early 19th century. Also the most famous composer in Europe in the early 19th century. -
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Franz Schubert
Composed in all genres, over 600 Lieder -
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Gaetano Donizetti
Italian opera composer -
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Heinrich Heine
Famous poet during the Romantic era, helped shape romanticism. -
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Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer -
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Hector Berlioz
One of the most important early innovators of new orchestration and genres; French -
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Fanny Mendelssohn
Sister of Felix Mendelssohn, composer -
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Felix Mendelssohn
Composer of most genres, revived of J.S. Bach's music in Leipzig -
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Robert Schumann
More important as an editor and promoter of music -
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Frédéric Chopin
Pianist in the delicate style, and composer -
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Franz Liszt
Piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, composer, innovator, supporter of Wagner -
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Richard Wagner
German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas. -
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Giuseppe Verdi
The most important Italian composer in the mid to late 19th century. Primarily an opera composer and hailed as a hero of Italy -
Congress of Vienna
An international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I. -
Erlkönig
A famous lieder by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Based on the legend that whoever is touched by the king of the elves must die -
The Carlsbad Decrees
These decrees placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals (including artists) and institutions such as Universities and presses. -
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Clara Schumann
Virtuoso pianist, composer, wife of Robert Schumann -
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Jacques Offenbach
German-born French composer, cellist and impresario of the Romantic period. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s to the 1870s, and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann. -
Der Freischütz premieres
The first German romantic opera, composed by Carl Maria von Weber -
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Bedřich Smetana
Bohemian, best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 symphonic poems called Má vlast (My Country) -
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Stephen Foster
American song composer. He was the first American to make a living as a professional songwriter -
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Louis Moreau Gottschalk
American composer and pianist, best known as a virtuoso performer of his own romantic piano works. He spent most of his working career outside of the United States. -
Symphonie fantastique
A program symphony in 5 movements. Composed by Berlioz. -
Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
A music journal that reviewed new music and composers. An article about Beethoven's instrumental music was published in this journal. -
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Johannes Brahms
German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. -
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Georges Bizet
French composer of the Romantic era. Blended styles into opéra comique with Carmen -
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Antonin Dvorak
Czech composer, one of the first Czech composers to achieve worldwide recognition. -
The New York Philharmonic
This is the year that the New York Philharmonic was founded. -
Revolutions of 1848
The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. -
Rigoletto
An opera composed by Verdi. First produced in Venice, Italy. -
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Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Polish pianist and composer, Prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919 -
Invention of the Typewriter
The typewriter was invented in 1867 by Christopher Sholes -
Invention of the Telephone
The invention of the first practical telephone is credited to Alexander Graham Bell -
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Enrique Granados
Spanish composer of classical music, and concert pianist. His most well-known works include Goyescas, the Spanish Dances, and María del Carmen. -
Invention of the Camera
George Eastman pioneered photographic film usage in 1885 when he started producing paper films. He patented his first film in 1884 and perfected the first camera using roll film in 1888.