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Barron v. Baltimore
a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which helped define the concept of Federalism in the United States in U.S. constitutional law. The Court established a precedent that the United States Bill of Rights could not be applied to state governments. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court said that an enslaved man could not sue in federal court because African Americans were not U.S. citizens when the Constitution was adopted -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that states were allowed to segregate by race so long as the state provided similar facilities to all. -
Jim Crow laws
racial segregation in places like schools, hotels, and public transportation. -
General Allotment Act
authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. -
Indian Citizenship Act
granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States -
Gitlow v. New York
a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment -
Near v. Minnesota
a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that recognized the freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that was applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. -
Palko v. Connecticut
United States Supreme Court case concerning the incorporation of the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy. -
Brown v. Board of Education
a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Hernandez v. Texas
ruled that Mexican Americans (and all other racial groups) were due equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. -
Loving v. Virginia
a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. -
Plyler v. Doe
Supreme Court of the United States struck down a state statute denying funding for education to unauthorized immigrant children and simultaneously struck down a municipal school district's attempt to charge unauthorized immigrants an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each undocumented immigrant student to compensate for the lost state funding. -
McDonald v. City of Chicago
decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that determined whether the Second Amendment applies to the individual states. The Court said the right to keep a handgun in your home was a “fundamental” right. Today, only three rights have not been incorporated by the states: the right to a grand jury (Fifth Amendment), the unanimity requirement in a criminal jury (Sixth Amendment), and the right to a civil jury trial (Seventh Amendment).
