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Brown v. Board of Education
Oliver Brown filed class-action against Board of Education of Kansas after his daughter, Linda, was denied entrance to an all-white elementary school. Claimed that schools for black children were not equal and segregation makes others feel inferior. The court ruled in favor of Brown and decided "separate but equal" was no longer allowed in schools. Thus, students of all races able to receive the same public education with same advantage. No more segregation in schools. -
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
John and Mary Beth Tinker wore black armbands in silent protest of the Vietnam War, the school suspended the Tinkers which made them retaliate due to their 1st Amendment right of free speech being violated. Supreme Court ruled in favor of TInkers saying the district had violated the students' right o free speech. Case set as a precedent that students be guaranteed the right to freedom of speech in school. Introduced the SUbstantial Disruption Test only limits speech of proven to be "offensive" -
Diana v. State Board of Education
Diana - Mexican-American, Spanish-speaking student who was measured by the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test in English. Placed in an Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) classroom due to bias of the test. A lawsuit was presented in court against SOled Unified School District and others representing 9 Mexican-American children. Court ruled that IQ tests are no longer sole representation of students ability, all tests and evals must be given in students' first language and English and school diversity -
P.A.R.C. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The PA Constitution states "a free public education...for all children of this Commonwealth above the age of six years," and the PA Public School Code stated, "every child between the [ages of 6-21] may attend the public in his district" which had a few loopholes. State Department of Public Welfare to care for, train, and supervise child, no further education for the child. The court ruled in favor of P.A.R.C. and this led to the advent of FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education). -
Mills V. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
Seven school-aged children being denied or excluded from public schooling and all of them had a disability. The parents argued that the 14th Amendment right of the students was being violated. The court ruled in favor of Mills and ruled that the exclusion of the students was unconstitutional. The court ordered that the students receive an education and that the school implement a remediation plan for the students. Thus, students are not allowed to be excluded and led way for Section 504 and IDEA -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
This act protected the rights of all students with disabilities and ensure there would be no child denied a free and public education because they are handicapped. The Act also supported states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving the results for Hector and other infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities and their families. -
Stuart v. Nappi
Stuart had multiple disabilities which caused the Danbury High School to try to expel Stuart for her intellectual and emotional disabilities. Stuart claims to have been denied rights by the Handicapped Act. The case goes to court and the court rules that Stuart cannot be expelled under the Handicapped Act and requires an immediate PPT (Planning and Placement Team) and a review of Stuart's special education program. -
Armstrong v. Kline
Parents of 5 children wanted to extend the 180-say school year all for students with disabilities because they believed that the students regressed over summer. PA Department of Education refused such services. The court ruled that the students who needed further assistance over the summer would receive it, putting in place the ESY (Extended School Year) and allowed for other cases to come forward. -
Timothy W v. Rochester School District
Timothy was born with multiple health impairments and was deemed educationally handicapped which made the Rochester School refuse him of special education services because they thought he would not benefit from it. Timothy filed a complaint and within a few hearings, he was still unable to receive special education support. Thus, the All Handicapped Children Act was enacted in 1975; stated all handicapped children receive education tailored to their needs, "zero-reject" policy, FAPE. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The IDEA was formerly known as the "Education of All Handicapped Children Act" and was changed to the IDEA. The IDEA is a four-part piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education that is tailored to their individual needs.
