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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States. He created the following policies, both foreign and domestic, to deal with containing communism:
-Containment
-Truman Doctrine
-Marshall Plan
-Berlin/Airlift
-N.A.T.O
-Korea/ War
-Loyalty Program
-HUAC
-McCarran-Walter Act Picture URL: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/T/Harry-Truman-9511121-1-402.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biography.com/people/harry-s-truman-9511121&h -
Containment
-Truman called for containing the spread of communism so that it didn't escape Eastern Europe
- also called for the U.S. to not be discouraged by Soviet victories but instead focus on long-range plans: meant continuously fighting communism Picture URL:http://www.globalresearch.ca/america-s-long-war-the-legacy-of-the-iraq-iran-and-soviet-afghan-warsthe-legacy-of-the-iraq-iran-and-soviet-afghan-wars -
Truman Doctrine
-declared the U.S. was one of the leaders in the world and, therefore, should provide assistance to countries that were living under oppression
-meant that we would get involved and help all countries where communist parties were trying to take over Picture URL: http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/07_Special-Documents/Historical-Documents/1947_Truman-Doctrine.html -
Loyalty Program
- program that made sure that no federal employees were communist. -If people were accused of disloyalty, they faced the Loyalty Review Board Several million eventually were questioned, and a few hundred people were removed from their position -Truman worked very hard to keep communism out of the U.S. and fed wide-spread paranoia about communism Picture URL:http://mtwsfh.blogspot.com/2009/03/1947-thoughtcrime-in-america-nazi.html
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HUAC
-Established in 1938 to find disloyalty for WWII, it came back to find communist infiltration in the U.S.
-Specifically it targeted the movie industry, leading to a lot of wrongly accused actors and producers
-Sometimes didn't allow people their rights, which is why it was called anti-American
-Shows that many were working very hard to keep communism out of U.S. And fed even more paranoia Picture URL: http://www.notinkansas.us -
Marshall Plan
-implemented by Truman, the Marshall plan called for European countries that were in debt from the WWII to make a plan for financial recovery, which the U.S. would fund
-17 european countries joined the plan, and the U.S. lent out about $13 billion
-would help to ensure that the countries would remain capitalist Picture URL: http://marshallplan2013.blogspot.com Picture URL: http://marshallplan2013.blogspot.com -
Berlin/ Air Lift
-Truman, along with the French and British leaders, decided to converge their parts Berlin, which laid inside East Germany, and called it West Berlin
-Soviets blocked trade ships from entering West Berlin, people didn't have supplies
-Truman decided to deliver goods by plane in the Berlin Airlift
-deliberately did not go into war, but instead decided on a more peaceful means of accomplishing what he wanted Picture URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade -
NATO
-United States joined other democratic countries to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
-Created to help nations from invasion or destabilization by other nations
-enabled us to help countries that the Soviets aimed to conquest Picture URL: http://www.iranreview.org/content/Iran_Spectrum/NATO-s-Strategy-Following-the-Cold-War-and-the-Islamic-Republic-of-Iran-s-Foreign-Policy.htm -
Korean War
-Provided air and naval support for South Koreans
-also supplied most of the UN Troops that took to the ground
-However, Truman refused to allow an invasion of China: showed how Truman wanted to keep communism at bay, but do it in the most peaceful way possible Pictrue URL: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~park25h/classweb/worldpolitics/ -
McCarran-Walter Act
-Put a quota on how many people could immigrate from certain countries, and discriminated against people from Asia and Central Europe
-put in place because Senator Pat McCarran believed that communist infiltration mainly came from immigrants
-helped spread even more communist paranoia Picture URL: http://public.csusm.edu/MichelleWhite/impact.html -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States and along with the following policies and effects his goal was to stop the spread of communism
1.Eisenhower Doctrine
2.Domino Theory
3. Korea/ War
4. Deterance
5. Stalin Dies
6.Middle East Israel/ Iran
7. Suez Crisis
8. U-2 Incident Picture URL:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower -
Stalin's Death
More Moderate leaders were rising, and they were working on resolving this issue. During this time we were supplying aid to France to help control Vietnam Picture URL
http://christopheranton.hubpages.com/hub/The-death-of-Stalin -
Korea
An armistice was signed to end the combative war. The war is at a cease-fire, but it's still going on to this day Picture URL:
http://ksnvienna.com/2013/05/13/north-and-south-korea-a-students-opinion/ -
Deterrence
From 1954-1958, Deterrence was a policy of creating a stronger military power for the United States and her allies Picture URL:
http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/maintaining_deterrence/ -
Domino Theory
He gave his "domino theory" speach. Picture URL:
http://www.thisdayinquotes.com/2010/04/origins-of-the-domino-theory.html -
Suez Crisis
When Egypt takes over the then, owned British Suez Canal, Isrealis, French and British troops enter but withdraw before the Soviets were called upon Picture URL:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7311992.stm -
Middle East Israel/Iran
Due to the Holocaust many Jews fled their biblical home, Palestine which was controlled by the British. The Jews wanted their own country. The UN then created two states, a Jewish state, and an Arab state next together. The US backs up the Jews the Soviets naturally backs up the Arabs. We appointed a pro-American as the Iran leader. -
Brinkmanship
On the verge of a war, but not getting into the war. Similar to the all or nothing Picture URL:
http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/hypocrisy-and-brinkmanship-1.118935 -
Eisenhower Doctrine
It stated that if any Middle Eastern country/countries needed aid against Communism that the United States will use force to protect them from falling Picture URL:
http://www.bookdepository.co.uk/Origins-Eisenhower-Doctrine-Ray-Takeyh/9780312230852 -
Space Race/NASA
After the Soviets put up Sputnik in 1957 we created NASA in response Picture URL:
http://www.museumofflight.org/event/nasa-astronaut-remembrance-weekend-0 -
U-2 Incident
Soviets sent a missile that had shot down, a U-2 spy plane. Shattered confidence, and let everyone else know that the US were spying on other countries Picture URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2 -
Vietnam War- Kennedy
Kennedy’s goal was to contain communism and prevent it from spreading at all cost. (Meant strengthening and protecting of the South Vietnamese government created by the United States.)
Increasing of american soldiers and military advisors, by 1963 the number increased to more than 16,000 -
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States he devolped the following in order to contain communism
1.Bay of Pigs
2. Berlin(Wall)
3. Cuban Missile Crisis
4. Vietnam/ War
5.Alliance for Progress
6. Space Program -
The Alliance for Peace
The Alliance for Progress was created by President John F. Kennedy. The goal was to provide aid for countries within Latin America, Asia and Africa.
American officials feared the threat of communism in Latin America. In 1954, the CIA funded and supplied a revolution to overthrew the government of Guatemala.
The Alliance failed in its effort to bring democracy to Latin America: by the time the program faded away in the early-1970s, 13 governments were replaced by military rule. -
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
Was a plan devised by President Eisenhower, but later carried out by Kennedy. Ever since 1959 when Fidel Castro overthrew U.S backed dictator Fulgencio Batista, the united states was in rough water with cuba. After Castro began developing ties with the Soviet Union, American began to fear the rise of communism within latin america.
On April 17, 1961 the Bay of Pigs invasion took place and it was a total disaster.
1. Airstrike failed to destroy Cuba’s air force
2. The cuban troops were able -
The Space Program
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was launched by Kennedy but was originally created by President Eisenhower. The goal of NASA during president Kennedy term was to build better technology than the Soviets that would help them get into space. We would launch the space race between the Soviets- trying to get onto the moon first.
Due to the fact that the Soviets were communist fear of the possibility of them having inferior technology startled America. -
Berlin(Wall)
After WWII Germany was divided into two parts - Western Germany was occupied by the allies, while eastern Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union. The Soviets goal was to cut of the large flow of Eastern Germans back into allies territory of Western Germany.
1. Kennedy decided to increase defense by $3 Billion dollars
2. He doubled the number of men being drafted into the armed services, as well as called up reserve forces to begin active duty.
3. In August of 1961 the Soviets built the Berl -
Cuban Missile Crisis
The government of the Soviet Union was disturbed by the Bay of Pigs invasion and agreed to back up Castro’s government. This lead to the making of soviet missiles bases on cuban soil.
1. Engage In Further Negotiations With Khrushchev- Give Soviets more time to finish building the missile bases
2. Invade Cuba-Would eliminate missile threat and achieve the additional goal of eliminating Castro. Would risk all out nuclear war
3. Blockade Cuba-Would prevent Soviet ships from being able to make mor -
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States. He took precidency after the assasination of President John F. Kennedy. His goal was to protect America From communism
1.Vietnam War -
The Vietnam War- Johnson
The Vietnam war occurred between South Vietnam and the United States on one side, fighting against North Vietnam and its communist allies.
Johnson was urged to send more troops into Vietnam,He gave his support to “Operation Plan34B” -This would involve sending Asian Mercenaries into north vietnam to carry out acts of sabotage. -
Richard M. Nixon
Richard M. Nixon was the 37th President of the United States.Like other presidents his goal was to contain communism with the following
1. Vietnam War(Vietnamization)
2. Detente
3. China
4. SALT I
5. Mood Landing
6. Resignation/ Watergate -
Detente
Relaxation of tension between United States and China and Soviet, sworn enemies, was achieved by Nixon and Kissinger
Nixon was trying to contain Communism through peace. Picture URL: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1946.html -
Vietnamization
Since everyone was against the Vietnam war, he switched out the American Troops with South Vietnamese troops. But he still suppressed Communism and supplied the South Viet troops with American supplies secretly. Nixon wanted to win the war, so he can prevent communism from spreading. Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization -
Moon Landing
The moon landing gave us a great leap forrward in the space race between the United States and Soviet Union.Though they were the first to have many things in space, we were the first to touch foot on the moon. Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 -
SALT I
First Strategic Arms Limitation, included a 5 year agreement to freeze creation of offensive nuclear missiles.This was to prevent a nuclear war from breaking out between the Soviet Union and the United States
* NOTE: Couldn't find the day of date, happened in November. Picture URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks -
China
Nixon is recognizing China as a country, he went to visit Mao Zedong in China. This was the start of a peace between China and the United States. Nixon is trying to make peace of China, so if war breaks out with Soviet, China will remain neutral Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China -
Watergate
There was a scam to help Nixon win his second re-election, a break-in in the Democratic National Comittee (DNC). President Nixon the resigned after this even has occured. This shows that the United States government is a strong Republican government that cannot be broken, this shows how much they oppose communism. Picutre URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal
Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal -
War Powers Act
Limited the President’s ability to be involved in United States foreign conflicts without receiving the approval of the Congress. We did not want the government to be like a communistic government that has a dictator in charge. Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States -
Gerald R. Ford
Gerald R. Ford was the 38th President of the United States. The following are ways he tried to contain communism
1. War Powers Act
2. SALT I
3.Helsinki Accords
4. Pardon of Nixon -
Ford Pardons Nixon
Ford gives Nixon a free pass and does not charge him for the crimes. He wanted to end the national diversion from the Watergate scandal so they can focus more on containing communism. Picture URL: http://mitchellarchives.com/richard-nixon-pardoned-for-watergate.htm -
Helsinki Accords
The United States, Soviet, Canada, and about 30 European countries pledged to work together economically, respect nation’s boundaries, and promoting human rights.This was promoting peace with countries, including Soviet Union, hoping to releice the tension between the United States and Soviet Union. Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Accords -
James E. Carter
James E. Carter better known as Jimmy Carter worked with the Following in order to contain communism
1. Camp David Accords
2. Iran Hostage
3.SALT II -
Camp David Accords
Carter tried to establish peace between the Israelis and Arabs.
He's trying to say peace can come between Capitalist and Communist governments by helping a communistic government gain peace with each other. Picture URL: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8766724/Egypt-declares-Camp-David-accords-with-Israel-not-a-sacred-thing.html -
SALT II
SALT II was more complicated than SALT I. SALT II limited each side to a certain amount of missiles and nuclear weapons. We didn’t want the Soviet to have missiles to attack us. Picture URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks -
Iran Hostage Crisis
U.S. Supported former shah (king) of Iran, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (who wanted to keep Iran from becoming Communist) and harbored him. They took US diplomats hostage in response and Carter tried saving them but failed.We wanted to keep Communism from spreading but we failed. Picture URL: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-hostage-crisis/
